Francis Rouessac - Chemical Analysis

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Diagram of an ion‐exchange chromatograph. The classic modular arc...Figure 4.2 Diagram showing the progression of an anion A −in contact w...Figure 4.3 Separation of several organic acids with a cationic column.Figure 4.4 Stationary phases in IC. Cross‐section of a spherical particle of...Figure 4.5 Anionic phases obtained by solid‐core silica grafting. Nonporous ...Figure 4.6 Phases resulting from polysaccharides. Examples of commercial res...Figure 4.7 Ion chromatograph containing a hydroxide ion (OH −) generato...Figure 4.8 Chromatogram resulting in the water peak (1 min) and the system p...Figure 4.9 Chemical suppressor for a cation exchange column. In this example...Figure 4.10 Membrane and electrochemically regenerated suppressors. There ar...Figure 4.11 Ion‐exclusion chromatography. Ions, subject to Donnan exclusion,...Figure 4.12 Analysis of amino acids. Exchange reaction on the column and der...Figure 4.13 Separation of seven anions in less than two minutes.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Automatic sample applicator for TLC and a system to ‘read’ the pl...Figure 5.2 Vertical developing chamber and TLC plate. Left: available in a v...Figure 5.3 Scanning of a TLC plate. The absorbance of a given TLC plate, dep...Figure 5.4 Two‐dimensional TLC. Using two different solvents performed in tw...Figure 5.5 Thin‐layer chromatography/mass spectrometry (TLC/MS). The TLC pla...Figure 5.6 TLC plate micrographics and separation study of four parabens on ...Figure 5.7 Separation of TLC catecholamines in TLC with the ion‐pairing tech...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Phase diagram carbon dioxide. There exists for each pure substanc...Figure 6.2 Dipole moments and Snyder’s empirical scale for several modifiers...Figure 6.3 Diagram of an SFC set‐up using a packed HPLC column. Carbon dioxi...Figure 6.4 Comparison between HPLC and SFC. Both experimental curves have be...Figure 6.5 Effect of pressure in SFC. These two chromatograms [(a) ‐ high pr...Figure 6.6 Example of separation on a chiral column. A blend of two cis / tran ...Figure 6.7 Comparison of SFC and HPLC variants. The SFC domain covers the fu...Figure P6.1

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Migration across a stationary phase gel. A chromatogram displayin...Figure 7.2 Comparison of gel permeation and gel filtration. By using a small...Figure 7.3 Comparison of three gel permeation phases.Figure 7.4 Linear calibration curve of a gel permeation column. The column c...Figure 7.5 Universal calibration curve. Illustration of the hydrodynamic rad...Figure 7.6 Viscometric detection. Diagram of a viscometric detector. Four ca...Figure 7.7 90° scattering by using a protein as an example. The combination ...Figure 7.8 Measurement cell of a multi‐angle light scattering (MALS) detecto...Figure 7.9 Migration of a mixture of two macromolecules based on the field f...Figure P7.1

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Zone electrophoresis: principle of a set‐up. (a): each compartmen...Figure 8.2 Capillary electrophoresis. The electrolyte is an aqueous ionic so...Figure 8.3 Movement of analytes in the capillary. Influence of the net charg...Figure 8.4 Electroosmotic flow in a capillary filled with an electrolyte. To...Figure 8.5 An electropherogram of an anion test mixture. Separation of a mix...Figure 8.6 Separation of the principal organic acids in white wine by indire...Figure 8.7 A model of the interface between HPCE and MS. The solutions diffe...Figure 8.8 Separation of neutral analytes by using a surfactant (MEKC techni...Figure 8.9 Comparison of the progression of the mobile phase in HPCE and in ...Figure 8.10 Separation of enantiomers. Comparative study between HPCE and U‐...Figure 8.11 Separation of aromatic hydrocarbons by electrochromatography and...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Three different types of UV/Vis spectra. Spectra of benzene (a) i...Figure 9.2 Energy diagram of a molecule and electronic transitions. Left: th...Figure 9.3 Transitions encountered most frequently in organic compounds. Amo...Figure 9.4 n → σ* transition of aniline (a primary amine). This transition c...Figure 9.5 Donor/acceptor interaction. The absorption of the complex formed,...Figure 9.6 Values of λ maxfor a family of E ‐disubstituted conjugated po...Figure 9.7 Spectra of benzophenone in cyclohexane (‐ ‐ ‐) and in ethanol (−)...Figure 9.8 The effect of pH upon a solution of phenolphthalein. This compoun...Figure 9.9 The two single‐beam spectrometers configurations.Figure 9.10 Emission curves of a Quartz Tungsten‐Halogen (QTH) lamp and a de...Figure 9.11 Monochromator gratings. (a) Ebert assembly incorporating a conca...Figure 9.12 Response curves of several detectors used in the 200–3,000 nm ra...Figure 9.13 Simplified diagram of the optical path of a single‐beam, sequent...Figure 9.14 Single‐beam spectrometer with detection by CCD array. Module lay...Figure 9.15 Optical path from the exit of the monochromator to the detector ...Figure 9.16 Cells and main sampling devices. a)Standard cuvette and circula...Figure 9.17 Absorption of light by a homogeneous material and representation...Figure 9.18 Illustration of the Beer–Lambert law. Spectra of aqueous solutio...Figure 9.19 Additive nature of absorbances. For all wavelengths, the absorba...Figure 9.20 Isobestic point. Alkaline hydrolysis of methyl salicylate at 25°...Figure 9.21 Illustration of two frequently encountered situations. A compoun...Figure 9.22 Calibration curve. If a single reference solution is prepared, t...Figure 9.23 Confirmatory analysis. (a) Spectrum of a mixture (X + Y) and spe...Figure 9.24 Multicomponent analysis. Spectra of a 1 × 10 −4M solution ...Figure 9.25 Deconvolution of the spectrum of a five‐compound mixture. From t...Figure 9.26 Illustration of the concepts behind the Morton–Stubbs calculatio...Figure 9.27 Curves representing the average of each of the errors (1 to 3) i...Figure 9.28 Derivative curves for two compounds. We can note the presence of...Figure 9.29 Effect of light scattering on a UV spectrum and on its first der...Figure 9.30 Visual colorimetry. Visual comparator (Merck) with two tubes: on...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Mechanical interpretation of the interaction between a light wav...Figure 10.2 Mid‐IR spectrum of a polystyrene film. The typical representatio...Figure 10.3 Rotational/vibrational levels of a diatomic molecule and corresp...Figure 10.4 A diatomic molecule represented in the form of a harmonic oscill...Figure 10.5 Diagram of the vibrational energy levels of a bond. The transiti...Figure 10.6 Molecular vibrations of CH 2. Characteristic stretching and bendi...Figure 10.7 Configurations of spectrometers and analysers in the infrared re...Figure 10.8 The optical assembly of a Fourier transform apparatus. (a) 90° M...Figure 10.9 Sequence for obtaining a pseudo‐double‐beam spectrum with a Four...Figure 10.10 Portable FTIR analyser. Small size apparatus allowing the study...Figure 10.11 Nondispersive gas analyser. The cell containing the gas to be q...Figure 10.12 Some sources used in the near and mid‐infrared region. Operatin...Figure 10.13 Detectors in the infrared region. The operating principles of p...Figure 10.14 Cells in the mid‐IR region. View of the direct optical pathway ...Figure 10.15 Materials and solvents in the MIR region . The main crystals or ...Figure 10.16 Three types of reflections used in the MIR region. (a) Specular...Figure 10.17 Critical angle and evanescent wave. Comparison of the path, whe...Figure 10.18 Reflection spectra. (a) Spectra from a sample of Plexiglas obta...Figure 10.19 Optical path of an IR microscope. The sample can be examined in...Figure 10.20 Measurement of cell thickness by the method of interference fri...Figure 10.21 Correction of the absorption baseline. If we assume, for the gi...Figure 10.22 Harmonic and combination bands of several organic compound bond...Figure 10.23 Effect of particle size distribution on the spectrum of flour a...Figure 10.24 Integrating sphere and commercial instruments for NIRS. Left: D...Figure 10.25 Portable NIR spectrometer. Left: NIR spectrometer for the analy...Figure 10.26 Energy diagram and Raman scattering. The use of an energy diagr...Figure 10.27 Raman spectrum . (a) The three main Stokes and anti‐Stokes lines...Figure 10.28 Raman spectrum of a cross‐linked polystyrene film. Comparison w...Figure 10.29 Miniaturized Raman spectrometer. A field device using an excita...Figure P10.1