Complications in Equine Surgery

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 Foreword References

6 Preface

7 Acknowledgements

8 List of Contributors

9 1 Surgical Complications Overview List of Complications Associated with Surgery: Morbidity and Mortality Surgical Checklists Perioperative Consequences to Surgical Trauma Metabolic and Nutritional Effects Neuroendocrine Systemic Inflammatory Response Pain Impact of Host Factors and Comorbid Conditions References

10 2 Complications of Parenteral Administration of Drugs Overview List of Complications Associated with the Parenteral Administration of Drugs: Intramuscular Administration Local Muscle Reaction: From Mild Inflammation to Abscess Formation Clostridial Myonecrosis Intra‐Synovial Administration Post‐Injection Synovitis and Lameness Medication Errors References

11 3 Complications of Intravascular Injection and Catheterization Overview List of Complications Associated with Intravascular Injection and Catheterization Anatomic Considerations Perivascular Swelling and Inflammation Intra‐Arterial Injection or Catheterization Catheter‐Related: Difficult or Incorrect Placement, Dislodgement and Loss of Patency Thrombophlebitis Intravascular Foreign Bodies References

12 4 Complications of Endoscopy Overview List of Complications Associated with Endoscopy Epistaxis/Mucosal Trauma Equipment Damage Insufflation‐related complications Air Embolism References

13 5 Complications of Nasogastric Intubation Overview List of Complications Associated with Nasogastric Intubation Epistaxis Misplacement of Tube Esophageal/Pharyngeal Trauma Fragmentation of Tube Administration of Fluid into Lungs Sinusitis References

14 6 Complications of Fluid Therapy List of Complications Associated with Fluid Therapy Fluid Overload Using Crystalloid Solutions Complications Associated with the Type of Crystalloid Fluid Infused Complications Associated with Intravascular Plasma Administration Complications Associated with Administration of Colloid Therapy Complications of Enteral Fluid Therapy Complications Associated with Administration of Parenteral Nutrition Solutions Complications Due to Withholding of Enteral Feeding References

15 7 Complications Associated with Hemorrhage Overview List of Complications Associated with Hemorrhage Intraoperative Hemorrhage Postoperative Hemorrhage References

16 8 Complications of Blood Transfusion Overview Complications Associated with Blood transfusion Immune Reactions Allergic and Febrile Reactions Transfusion‐Related Acute Lung Injury Nonimmune Reactions Transfusion‐Transmitted Infections RBC Storage Lesion References

17 9 Complications Associated with Sutures Overview List of Complications Associated with Sutures Dehiscence Infection Without Dehiscence Suture Reactions Ligature Loop Failure References

18 10 Complications of Bone Graft Harvesting, Handling, and Implantation Overview List of Complications Associated with Bone Grafts Intraoperative Complications Early Postoperative Complications Late Postoperative Complications References

19 11 Complications of Cryosurgery Overview List of Complications Associated with Cryosurgery Intraoperative Complications Early Postoperative Complications Late Postoperative Complications References

20 12 Complications of Laser Surgery Overview List of Complications Associated with Laser Surgery Laser Physics and Tissue Interaction Lasers Commonly Used in Veterinary Surgery Laser Safety Specific Complications of Laser Surgery in Horses Equipment Complications Summary Reference

21 13 Complications of Systemic Analgesic Drugs Overview List of Complications associated with systemic analgesic drugs Intra‐Op Complications Postop complications References

22 14 Complications of Loco‐Regional Anesthesia Overview List of Complications Associated with Loco‐Regional Anesthesia General Complications Complications Related to Specific Loco‐Regional Blocks References

23 15 Complications of Sedative and Anesthesia Medications Overview List of Complications Associated with Sedative and Anesthesia Medications Complications During Standing Sedation Complications During General Anesthesia Complications During Anesthetic Recovery Other Complications Associated with Sedative and Anesthetic Drugs Summary References

24 16 Complications During Recovery from General Anesthesia Overview List of Complications Associated with Recovery from General Anesthesia Morbidity and Mortality of General Anesthesia Risk Factors in General Complications Associated with Recovery from General Anesthesia General Measures for Prevention Pathogenesis in General Musculoskeletal/Nervous System Additional Actions Central and Peripheral Neuropathies Respiratory System References

25 17 Complications Associated with Surgical Site Infections Overview List of Complications Associated with Surgical Site Infections Definition and Classification SSI Epidemiology SSI Prevention SSI Recognition Management of SSI Multidrug Resistance References

26 18 Complications of Reconstructive Surgery Overview List of Complications Associated with Reconstructive Surgery Intraoperative: Failure to Close the Wound with Reconstructive Surgery Early Postoperative: Hemorrhage Late Postoperative: Wound Dehiscence References

27 19 Complications of Excessive Granulation Tissue Overview List of Complications Associated with Excessive Granular Tissue EGT Formation Damage to Important Structures During Excision of EGT References

28 20 Complications of Skin Neoplasia Overview List of Complications Associated with Skin Neoplasia Intraoperative/technical Early Postoperative References

29 21 Complications of Skin Grafting Overview List of Complications Associated with Skin Grafting Intraoperative/technical Insufficient Donor Skin Early Postoperative Late Postoperative References

30 22 Complications of Oral and Salivary Gland Surgery Overview List of Complications Associated with Oral and Salivary Gland Surgery Complications Associated with Local Nerve Blocks Inferior Alveolar and Maxillary Nerve Blocks Complications Associated with Incisor Dentistry Complications Associated with 1st Premolar “Wolf Tooth” (Triadan 05) Extraction Complications Associated with Cheek Teeth Dentistry Complications Associated with Salivary Gland Surgery References

31 23 Complications of Esophageal Surgery Overview List of Complications Associated with Esophageal Surgery Water, Electrolyte, Acid–Base and Metabolic Disturbances Mucosal Dehiscence and Ulceration Periesophageal Infection Esophageal Fistula Formation Stricture Aspiration Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia Laryngeal Hemiplegia and Horner’s Syndrome Laminitis References

32 24 Complications of Stomach Surgery Overview List of Complications Associated with Stomach Surgery Septic Peritonitis Failure to Thrive and Recurrent or Chronic Colic Aspiration Pneumonia (see Chapter 23: Complications of Esophageal Surgery) Melena Gastric Ulceration and Perforation References

33 25 Complications of Splenic Surgery Overview List of Complications of Splenic Surgery Splenic Trauma Splenic Adhesions Hemorrhage Gastrosplenic Ligament Trauma Pneumothorax References

34 26 Complications of Abdominal Approaches Overview List of Complications Associated with Abdominal Approaches Incisional Edema Incisional Drainage Hernia References

35 27 Complications of the Intraoperative Colic Patient Overview List of Complications Associated with the Intraoperative Colic Patient Ruptured Viscus Excessive Intra‐Abdominal Contamination Partial Thickness Tears Hemorrhage from Small Intestinal Mesentery Rupture of the Portal Vein Hemorrhage from Large Colon Mesentery Miscellaneous Intra‐Abdominal Hemorrhage Intraoperative Injury to Small Intestinal Mesentery Miscellaneous Iatrogenic Vascular Injuries Intestinal Ischemia at the Anastomosis Anesthesia‐Related Complications Intestinal Rotation Failure to Identify the Lesion Failure to Correct the Lesion Instrument Failure Failure to Remove an Intra‐Abdominal Surgical Item Enteropexy References