Equine Reproductive Procedures

1 Cover

2 Title Page Equine Reproductive Procedures Second Edition Edited by John Dascanio, VMD Diplomate ACT and ABVP (Equine) Senior Associate Dean for Academic and Student Affairs Professor of Theriogenology School of Veterinary Medicine Texas Tech University Amarillo, Texas, United States Patrick McCue, DVM, PhD Diplomate ACT Iron Rose Ranch Professor of Equine Reproduction Colorado State University Equine Reproduction Laboratory Fort Collins, Colorado, United States

3 Copyright Page

4 List of Contributors

5 Preface

6 Part I: Non-Pregnant Mare 1 Reproductive Evaluation Introduction Examination Technique Other Tests Additional Comments Further Reading 2 Teasing Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 3 Tail Wrap and Preparation/Washing of the Perineum Introduction Placement of a Tail Wrap Washing Perineum Technique Interpretation 4 Placement of a Tail Rope Introduction Technique for Tying a Tail Rope Technique for Using an Elastic Cord to Tie the Mare’s Tail to the Stocks Further Reading 5 Perineal Conformation Evaluation Introduction Technique Interpretation Reference Further Reading 6 Removal of a Persistent Hymen Introduction Technique Interpretation 7 Palpation of the Reproductive Tract Introduction Palpation Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 8 Ultrasound Evaluation Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 9 Prediction of Ovulation Introduction Technique Further Reading 10 Speculum Examination of the Vagina Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 11 Digital Examination of the Vagina/Cervix Introduction Stage of Cycle Technique Interpretation and Additional Comments Further Reading 12 Uterine Culture Collection: Swab/Brush Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 13 Antimicrobiotic Sensitivity Testing Introduction Technique Further Reading 14 Microbiology: Microbial Culture Introduction Technique Further Reading 15 Microbiology: Gram Stain Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 16 qPCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Infectious Endometritis Introduction Sample Collection Technique qPCR and DNA Sequencing: The Basics Interpretation of qPCR Data Additional Comments Further Reading 17 Uterine Cytology Collection: Swab/Brush Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 18 Uterine Culture/Cytology: Low Volume Lavage Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 19 Endometrial Biopsy Introduction Technique Reference Further Reading 20 Hysteroscopic Examination of the Uterus Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 21 Endometrial Cyst Removal Introduction Techniques Interpretation Further Reading 22 Chromosomal Analysis Introduction Chromosomal Analysis Techniques Other Procedures References Further Reading 23 Endocrinological Examination Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 24 Laparoscopic Examination of the Female Reproductive Track with Ovarian Biopsy Introduction Technique Further Reading 25 Evaluation of the Mammary Gland Introduction Techinque Further Reading 26 Antisperm Antibody Testing Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 27 Starch Granule Test for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 28 Fluorescent Microspheres Test for Evaluation of Oviductal Patency Introduction Transvaginal Ultrasound Technique Laparoscope Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 29 Oviductal Flush Procedure for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency Introduction Retrograde Oviductal Flush (Laparotomy Approach) Technique Normograde Oviductal Flush (Laparotomy Approach) Technique Normograde Oviductal Flush (Laparoscopic Approach) Technique Additional Comments References Further Reading 30 Prostaglandin E 2Treatment for Blocked Oviducts Introduction Technique Additional Comments References Further Reading 31 Prostaglandin E 1Treatment for Blocked Oviducts Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 32 Hysteroscopic Hydrotubation of the Oviducts Introduction Technique Further Reading 33 Transvaginal Ovarian Biopsy Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 34 Uterine Lavage Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 35 Uterine Infusion Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 36 Therapeutics for Infectious Endometritis Introduction Acute Bacterial Endometritis Intrauterine Antibiotic Therapy Systemic Antibiotic Therapy Follow‐Up Examination Additional Therapy References 37 Bacterial Biofilm and Endometritis Introduction Equine Biofilms Diagnostic Tests Treatment Options for Biofilms Further Reading 38 Latent Uterine Bacterial Infections Introduction Technique Interpretation of Findings and Selection of Antibiotics Disclosure References 39 Acupuncture in Mare Reproduction Introduction Restraint and Tranquilization Pre‐ and Post‐Breeding Uterine Fluid Technique Urine Poolers Pregnancy Maintenance Additional Comments References Further Reading 40 Restraint for Breeding Introduction Technique Interpretation 41 Natural Service: Pasture Breeding Introduction Pasture Breeding Programs Further Reading 42 Natural Service: In‐hand Breeding Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 43 Breeding Stitches Introduction Techniques Additional Comments Further Reading 44 Reinforcement Breeding Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 45 Breeding with Fresh or Cooled Semen Introduction Pre‐Insemination Technique Insemination Technique Interpretation Further Reading 46 Insemination Through a Vaginal Speculum Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 47 Breeding with Frozen Semen Introduction Administration of an Ovulation Induction Agent Management Strategy with One Dose of Semen Available per Cycle Management Strategy with Two Doses of Semen Available per Cycle Breeding Technique Interpretation Further Reading 48 Deep Horn Insemination Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 49 Hysteroscopic (Low Dose) Insemination Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 50 Transvaginal Oocyte Pickup Introduction Technique Interpretation and Additional Comments Further Reading 51 Packaging and transport of oocytes Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 52 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Introduction Technique Interpretation and Additional Comments Further Reading 53 Caslick Operation or Vulvoplasty Introduction Initial Stage of Technique Temporary Staple Technique Permanent Suture Technique Further Reading 54 Contagious Equine Metritis Testing Introduction Mare Diagnosis Mare Treatment Stallion Diagnosis Stallion Treatment Further Reading 55 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Artificial Photoperiod Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 56 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Hormone Therapy Introduction Technique Further Reading 57 Hormone Therapy in Cycling Mares Introduction Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone and GnRH Agonists Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Progesterone and Progestins Estrogens Prostaglandins Oxytocin Dopamine Antagonists (Domperidone and Sulpiride) Further Reading 58 Estrus Suppression Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 59 Intrauterine Devices for Estrus Suppression Introduction General Preparation Technique for Intrauterine Ball Placement Technique for iUPOD TMPlacement Interpretation References Further Reading 60 Immunocontraception Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 61 Harvesting and Shipping Ovaries for Oocyte Recovery Introduction Technique Further Reading

7 Part II: Pregnant Mare 62 Embryo Collection Introduction Flush Procedure Embryo Search “Extra Flush” Procedure Washing the Embryo Interpretation Futher Reading 63 Embryo Evaluation Introduction Developmental Stages Embryo Grading Determination of Embryo Size Further Reading 64 Embryo Biopsy Introduction Technique Further Reading 65 Embryo Packaging for Cooled Transport Introduction Technique for Packaging Embryos for Cooled Transport Technique for Receiving and Handling a Shipped Embryo Additional Comments Further Reading 66 Embryo Cryopreservation Introduction Initial Preparation Steps Vitrification Technique Warming (Thawing) and Transfer Technique Additional Comments Reference Further Reading 67 Non‐Surgical Embryo Transfer Introduction Transfer Technique Management of the Recipient Mare After Transfer Additional Comments Further Reading 68 Autogenous Transfer of ICSI‐Derived Embryos Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 69 Palpation per Rectum of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract Introduction Technique Interpretation Additional Comments Further Reading 70 Ultrasound Examination of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract Introduction Technique Interpretation and Additional Comments Further Reading 71 Speculum Examination of the Pregnant Mare Introduction Technique Interpretation Additional Comments: Potential Risks Further Reading 72 Determination of Fetal Sex at 55