Equine Reproductive Procedures

10 Part V: Newborn Foal 184 Birth Resuscitation Introduction Birth Resuscitation Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 185 Handling and Restraint Introduction Technique Imprint Training Additional Comments Further Reading 186 Madigan Foal Squeeze Technique Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 187 Evaluation of Passive Transfer Introduction Technique Interpretation and Additional Comments Further Reading 188 Colostral Administration via Naso‐Gastric Intubation Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 189 Sedation Introduction Restraint and Sedation Additional Comments Further Reading 190 Intravenous Catheter Placement Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 191 Plasma Therapy in the Foal Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 192 Acupuncture in the Neonate Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 193 Routine Care Introduction “A‐B‐C Guidelines” Rupture of the Umbilical Cord and Umbilical Care Nursing and Ingestion of Colostrum Passage of Meconium and Meconium Impaction “1–2–3 Rule” Antibiotics Plasma Therapy Testing for Passive Transfer of Antibodies Additional Comments Further Reading 194 Foal Rejection Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 195 Fostering a Foal onto a Nurse Mare Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 196 Entropion Introduction Penicillin Bleb Technique Suture Technique Interpretation Further Reading 197 Umbilical Ultrasound Introduction Technique Interpretation Further Reading 198 Management of Soft Tissue Laxity Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading 199 Management of Angular Limb Deformities Introduction Technique Further Reading 200 Management of Congenital Flexural Limb Deformities Introduction Technique Additional Comments Further Reading

11 Part VI: Appendices Appendix A: Society for Theriogenology Stallion Reproductive Evaluation Form Appendix B: Mare Breeding Soundness Evaluation Form Appendix C: Formulary for Equine Reproduction Hormones Intrauterine Therapy Uterine Lavage and Infusion Systemic Antibiotics Systemic Antifungal Agents Miscellaneous Medications Appendix D: Foaling Kit and Associated Equipment and Supplies

12 Index

13 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Diagnostic tests that may be performed in addition to the standard ...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Abbreviations for responses of a mare to a stallion (i.e., teasing ...

3 Chapter 8 Table 8.1 A scoring system used to evaluate uterine edema in mares. Table 8.2 Classification of uterine fluid volume. Table 8.3 Classification of the echogenic character of uterine fluid.

4 Chapter 9 Table 9.1 Average diameter of pre‐ovulatory follicles in various mare breeds. Table 9.2 Interval from prostaglandin F 2α(PGF) administration to sponta...

5 Chapter 14 Table 14.1 Agar used in the culture of microbial organisms. Table 14.2 Culture characteristics for common microbial organisms associated ...

6 Chapter 16 Table 16.1 Interpretation of qPCR results relative to degree of infection in ...

7 Chapter 17 Table 17.1 Description of the number of neutrophils per hpf with correspondin...

8 Chapter 19 Table 19.1 Expected foaling rates of mares according to endometrial biopsy gr...

9 Chapter 22 Table 22.1 Horse clinical cytogenetics service laboratories in different coun...

10 Chapter 23 Table 23.1 Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) diagnostic panel of hormone reference r...

11 Chapter 36Table 36.1 Antibiotics for intrauterine therapy.Table 36.2 Systemic antibiotics.

12 Chapter 37Table 37.1 Antibiotic and non‐antibiotic combinations for the treatment of bi...

13 Chapter 39Table 39.1 The 12 organs/meridians of Chinese medicine.

14 Chapter 56Table 56.1 Medications and dosage regimens that have been used in the managem...

15 Chapter 57Table 57.1 Comparison of hCG and deslorelin for the induction of ovulation in...Table 57.2 Interval from prostaglandin F 2α(PGF 2α) administration t...

16 Chapter 63Table 63.1 Embryo grade assignment based on a four‐point system.

17 Chapter 69Table 69.1 Characteristics of the equine pregnancy found on rectal palpation ...

18 Chapter 70Table 70.1 Schedule of potential ultrasonographic examinations in the early p...

19 Chapter 75Table 75.1 Normal values for ultrasound measurement of the combined thickness...Table 75.2 Common therapies administered to pregnant mares.

20 Chapter 77Table 77.1 The relationship between eye length and days before parturition fo...Table 77.2 Relationship between eye length and days of gestation for light ho...

21 Chapter 85Table 85.1 Endocrine tests for pregnancy diagnosis in the mare.

22 Chapter 94Table 94.1 Dosage protocols for the administration of oxytocin to induce labo...

23 Chapter 95Table 95.1 Relative timeline of events leading up to, during, and after norma...

24 Chapter 97Table 97.1 Common causes of dystocia in mares arranged by degree of difficult...

25 Chapter 103Table 103.1 Relationship between colostrum quality, IgG concentration measure...

26 Chapter 104Table 104.1 Relationship between colostrum quality, IgG concentration measure...

27 Chapter 105Table 105.1 Comparison of the Brix refractometer score and specific gravity o...

28 Chapter 112Table 112.1 Diagnostic tests that may be performed in addition to the standar...

29 Chapter 130Table 130.1 Volume of semen extender to add to a standard volume of raw semen...

30 Chapter 141Table 141.1 Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in pre‐seminal fluid and semen...Table 141.2 Recommended guidelines to interpret alkaline phosphatase (AP) lev...

31 Chapter 142Table 142.1 Semen characteristics of a stallion’s ejaculate with urospermia a...

32 Chapter 144Table 144.1 Commercial stallion semen extenders for cooled storage of stallio...Table 144.2 Ingredients for skim milk glucose semen extender.Table 144.3 Ingredients for sperm TALP.Table 144.4 Ingredients for SMED.

33 Chapter 150Table 150.1 Iodixanol‐based cushions for the centrifugation of equine semen.

34 Chapter 169Table 169.1 Fluorescent dyes to detect spermatozoal viability. The dyes are e...

35 Chapter 170Table 170.1 The levels of %COMP αtassociated with different levels of fe...

36 Chapter 177Table 177.1 Plasma testosterone concentrations in 10 normal stallions prior t...Table 177.2 Testosterone concentration prior to and 1 hour after administrati...

37 Chapter 179Table 179.1 Concentrations of anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) in serum or plasma...Table 179.2 Testosterone levels in intact stallions, cryptorchid stallions, a...Table 179.3 Concentrations of estrone sulfate in serum or plasma of geldings,...

38 Chapter 187Table 187.1 Antibody levels in foals with adequate passive transfer and failu...Table 187.2 Screening tests for failure of passive transfer in foals.

39 Chapter 189Table 189.1 Drug, route, dose, and indications for commonly used sedatives in...

40 Chapter 191Table 191.1 Example of interpretation using the SNAP test and treatment indic...Table 191.2 Commercial sources of plasma licensed for IV treatment of failure...

41 Chapter 197Table 197.1 Umbilical structures or remnants visible on ultrasound examinatio...

42 Chapter 199Table 199.1 Rapid growth period and physeal closure time for commonly affecte...Table 199.2 Examples of locations for trimming and extensions in common cases...

1 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Mare in estrus (i.e., teasing in heat). Note the base‐wide stance... Figure 2.2 Mare in diestrus (i.e., out of heat) on far side of teasing wall....

2 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Gauze tail wrap with tail hairs flipped up to prevent sliding of ... Figure 3.2 Gauze tail wrap twisted 360 degrees on the dorsum of the tail whi... Figure 3.3 Elastic tail wrap encompassing the entire tail. Figure 3.4 Tail wrap tied to the mare with quick release knots. Figure 3.5 Tail wrap using a sock and secured with medical tape. Figure 3.6 Tail wrap using a plastic bag and secured with rubber tubing and ... Figure 3.7 Wrapped tail held out of the way using an elastic cord. Figure 3.8 Bucket with liner to provide clean water for washing mares. All m... Figure 3.9 Bucket with liner closed to prevent dirt from contaminating water... Figure 3.10 Washing the perineum with a gloved hand. Figure 3.11 Rinsing the perineum with a gloved hand and a gentle shower spra...