Surgery of Exotic Animals

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 List of Contributors

6 Preface

7 About the Editors

8 1 General Principles, Instruments, and Equipment Introduction Presurgical Considerations Instrumentation and Equipment Instrumentation References

9 2 Suture Materials Introduction Suture Materials Absorbable Suture Materials Biologic Absorbable Suture Material Synthetic Absorbable Suture Materials Nonabsorbable Suture Materials Biologic Nonabsorbable Suture Materials Barbed and Antibacterial‐Coated Suture Tissue Healing Sutures in Exotic Animals Conclusion Acknowledgments References

10 3 Magnification Surgery Introduction Optics and Principles of Magnification The Operating Microscope Instrumentation References

11 4 Invertebrate Surgery Introduction Porifera (Sponges) Coelenterates Gastropod Mollusks Cephalopod Mollusks Annelids Crustaceans Arachnids Limulus Insects Echinoderms Urochordates References

12 5 Fish Surgery Perioperative and Postoperative Surgical Management Wounds Skin Surgery Orthopedic Surgery Ophthalmic Surgery Coelomic Surgery Swim Bladder Surgery Reproductive Surgery Urinary Surgery Digestive Tract Surgery Minimally Invasive Surgery Telemetry and Microchip Implantation References

13 6 Amphibian Surgery Introduction Perioperative and Postoperative Considerations Wound Healing Skin Surgery Orthopedic Surgery Ophthalmic Surgery Coelomic Surgery Urogenital Surgery Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery Minimally Invasive Surgery Telemetry and Microchip Implantation References

14 7 Reptile Orthopedic Surgery Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Diagnostics Trauma Joint Disease References

15 8 Surgical Approaches to the Reptile Coelom Chelonian Coelom Snake Coelom Lizard and Crocodilian Coelom References

16 9 Reptiles Anatomy Surgery of the Female Reproductive Tract Orchidectomy Reproductive Organ Prolapse Non Reproductive Cloacal Organ Prolapses Cystotomy Gastrointestinal Procedures References

17 10 Avian Orthopedics Biology of Bone Healing Patient Evaluation Fracture Management Options Luxation Management Options Angular Limb Deformities (ALD) Postoperative Care Monitoring for Healing and Complications Beak Repair References

18 11 Approaches to the Caudal Coelom (Abdomen) of Birds Anatomy Patient Preparation Skin Incision Left Lateral Celiotomy Right Lateral Celiotomy Transverse Celiotomy References

19 12 Avian Reproductive Procedures The Male Reproductive Tract The Female Reproductive Tract References

20 13 Surgery of the Avian Gastrointestinal Tract Anatomy and Physiology Surgery of the Mouth Surgery of the Esophagus Surgery of the Stomach Proventriculotomy and Ventriculotomy Proventriculotomy or Ventriculotomy Through the Isthmus Gastrotomy in Carnivores and Piscivores Gastrotomy in Ratites Ventriculotomy Surgery of the Intestines Surgery of the Cloaca Pancreatic Biopsy Postoperative Management References

21 14 Surgery of the Avian Respiratory System and Cranial Coelom Surgery of the Upper Respiratory Tract Surgery of the Lower Respiratory Tract Surgery of the Cranial Coelom References

22 15 Minimally Invasive Surgery Techniques in Exotic Animals Introduction Instrumentation Patient Positioning Laparoscopy Coelioscopy in Birds and Reptiles Specific Laparoscopic Techniques Other Diagnostic Techniques Thoracoscopy Thoracoscopic Procedures Summary References

23 16 Orthopedic Surgery in Small Mammals Anatomy and Physiology Diagnostics Joint Disease Trauma Bone Composition and Bone Healing Principles of Fracture Stabilization Fractures Repair of Specific Fractures Fractures of the Humerus Fractures of the Radius and Ulna Fractures of the Metacarpal Bones Fractures of the Pelvic Bones Fractures of the Femur Fractures of the Tibia and Fibula References

24 17 Rabbit Soft Tissue Surgery Introduction Celiotomy Thoracic Surgery Enucleation and Exenteration Ear Surgery Abscess Management References

25 18 Ferret Soft Tissue Surgery Surgical Abdominal Anatomy Celiotomy and Closure Surgical Procedures Pyloric Outflow Obstruction Oral Cavity Disease Abdominal Organ Biopsy Urogenital Surgery Urolithiasis Preputial Masses Miscellaneous Procedures References

26 19 Rodent Soft Tissue Surgery Introduction Reproductive Tract Surgery Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Masses Gastrointestinal Surgery Urinary Tract Surgery Intraabdominal Masses Thoracic Surgery Enucleation and Exenteration Ear Surgery Tail Degloving Pododermatitis Recovery References

27 20 Soft Tissue Surgery in Hedgehogs Ovariohysterectomy and Mammary Tumor Removal Orchiectomy Posthitis and Paraphimosis Neoplastic Disease in Hedgehogs Proptosis and Enucleation Leg and Foot Injuries Intervertebral Disc Disease References

28 21 Surgery of the Sugar Glider Introduction Orchiectomy Penectomy Abdominal Surgical Approach Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy Patagial Surgery Tail Amputation Removal of the Paracloacal Glands References

29 22 Small Mammal Dental Surgery Incisor Extraction Cheek Tooth Extraction Surgery of Mandibular Abscesses Apicoectomy Alternative Methods of Abscess‐Treatment Surgery of Rostral Maxillary Abscesses Lateral Fenestration of the Nasolacrimal Duct Dorsal Rhinostomy Surgery of Retrobulbar Abscesses Treatment of Jaw Fractures Stabilization of a Mandibular Symphysiolysis Condylectomy Alveolectomy and Mandibulectomy References

30 23 Large Mammal Dental Surgery Introduction Preprocedure Considerations Terminology Elephants Tusks Partial Pulpectomy Tusk Extraction Molars Chronic Alveolar Osteitis and Osteomyelitis Surgical Fistulation References

31 24 Primate Surgery Personal Protective Equipment and Zoonotic Concerns During Surgery Integument and Appendages Respiratory Tract Abdominal Surgery Trichobezoar and Phytobezoar Gastrointestinal Neoplasms Reproductive Surgery Acknowledgment References

32 25 Marine Mammal Surgery Background Surgery of Pinnipeds Surgery of Cetaceans References

33 26 Megavertebrate Laparoscopy Instrumentation Elephant Laparoscopy and Minimally Invasive Surgery Vasectomy Functional Ovariectomy Body Wall Closure Rhinoceros Laparoscopy Ovariectomy Hippopotamus Laparoscopy References

34 27 Zoo Animal Surgery General Considerations Surgeries References

35 28 Surgical Oncology in Exotics Principles of Surgical Oncology and Application to Exotics Birds Rabbits Ferrets Rodents Reptiles References

36 Index

37 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Loss of approximately 20% of total blood volume results in cardio...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Percentage of retained tensile strength following implantation an...

3 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Preferred and alternative methods of IM pin fixation.Table 10.2 Fracture stabilization methods.Table 10.3 Stabilization techniques for luxations.

4 Chapter 17Table 17.1 A summary of the differences between gut stasis, a moving foreig...

5 Chapter 24Table 24.1 Overview of common routes of NHP zoonotic exposure and partial l...Table 24.2 Variations in number of upper and lower respiratory structures f...

6 Chapter 25Table 25.1 Pharmaceutical options for management of pinnipeds post cataract...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 The surgeon must adhere to proper aseptic technique wearing clean... Figure 1.2 This 1.2 kg patient is being draped for a thoracotomy. First quar... Figure 1.3 Straight and right‐angled hemostatic clip appliers are available.... Figure 1.4 A “hemostatic taco” made of gelatin sponge (G) wrapped in oxidize... Figure 1.5 An Alm retractor (a) uses a thumb screw to open the jaws, while t... Figure 1.6 The Lone Star retractor system consists of a plastic ring with no... Figure 1.7 Microsurgical instruments should be a standard length with miniat... Figure 1.8 Hold the instruments like a pen (a) and not across the palm (b) f... Figure 1.9 The basic microsurgical pack should consist of a needle holder, s... Figure 1.10 Ophthalmic bulb syringe is useful for irrigation in small patien...