Management of Complications in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

1 Cover

2 Title Page Management of Complications in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Second Edition Edited by Michael Miloro, DMD, MD, FACS Professor and Head Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois Antonia Kolokythas, DDS, MSc, MSed, FACS Professor and Chair Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Ambulatory Director Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Hospital Dentistry Services AC‐4 Strong Memorial Hospital University of Rochester Eastman Institute for Oral Health Rochester, New York

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication

5 Preface

6 List of Contributors

7 1 Ambulatory Anesthesia INTRODUCTION PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS IN AMBULATORY ANESTHESIA INCIDENCE OF COMPLICATIONS IN AMBULATORY ANESTHESIA NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS CARDIOPULMONARY COMPLICATIONS GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS ENDOCRINE COMPLICATIONS IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS PSYCHIATRIC AND EMOTIONAL COMPLICATIONS COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO PATIENT POSITIONING COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO IV LINE PLACEMENT ANESTHETIC COMPLICATIONS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC ANESTHETIC COMPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

8 2 Third Molar Surgery INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS IN THIRD MOLAR SURGERY CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING

9 3 Implant Surgery INTRODUCTION PRE‐OPERATIVE PLANNING INTRA‐OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS POST‐OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS ZYGOMATIC IMPLANT COMPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

10 4 Technology and Navigation in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery INTRODUCTION DATA ACQUISITION PHASE COMPLICATIONS PREOPERATIVE PLANNING COMPLICATIONS MANUFACTURING COMPLICATIONS SURGERY PHASE COMPLICATIONS INTRA‐ AND POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT COMPLICATIONS INTRAOPERATIVE IMAGING COMPLICATIONS NAVIGATION COMPLICATIONS POSITION OF VIRTUAL POINTER ON MONITOR DOES NOT REPRODUCE THE POSITION OF INSTRUMENT ON THE PATIENT DENTAL IMPLANTS, TECHNOLOGY, AND ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

11 5 Maxillofacial Trauma SOFT TISSUE INJURIES HARD TISSUE INJURIES FRONTAL SINUS FRACTURES ORBITAL FRACTURES ORBITOZYGOMATICOMAXILLARY COMPLEX FRACTURES OCULAR TRAUMA NASOORBITOETHMOIDAL FRACTURES NASAL FRACTURES MAXILLARY FRACTURES TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES TRACHEOSTOMY CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING

12 6 Orthognathic Surgery PREOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS MAXILLARY SURGERY: INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS GENIOPLASTY MANDIBLE: INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS VARIATIONS OF MANDIBULAR OSTEOTOMIES POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS OF ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY (FIGURE 6.15) FIRST WEEK POSTSURGERY FIRST MONTH THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT: INTERNAL DERANGEMENT OF THE TMJ AND IDIOPATHIC CONDYLAR RESORPTION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING

13 7 Distraction Osteogenesis INTRODUCTION PREOPERATIVE PLANNING PHASE INTRAOPERATIVE PHASE POSTOPERATIVE PHASE CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

14 8 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Surgery INTRODUCTION COMPLICATIONS WITH PALATAL PROCEDURES COMPLICATIONS WITH GENIOGLOSSUS ADVANCEMENT AND HYOID SUSPENSION COMPLICATIONS WITH MAXILLOMANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS IN MAXILLOMANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS IN MAXILLOMANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT TRANSORAL ROBOTIC SURGERY DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE STIMULATION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING

15 9 Cleft and Craniofacial Surgery INTRODUCTION COMPLICATIONS IN CLEFT LIP AND NOSE REPAIR COMPLICATIONS IN PALATOPLASTY PROCEDURES COMPLICATIONS OF CRANIOFACIAL SURGERY CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING

16 10 Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Facial Surgery INTRODUCTION COMPLICATIONS OF NEUROTOXINS COMPLICATIONS OF INJECTABLE FILLERS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING

17 11 Cosmetic Facial Surgery INTRODUCTION SURGICAL FACIAL COSMETIC PROCEDURES BROW LIFT PROCEDURES FACELIFT, NECK LIFT, AND SUBMENTAL LIPOSUCTION PROCEDURES FACIAL IMPLANT PROCEDURES RHINOPLASTY CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

18 12 Temporomandibular Joint Surgery INTRODUCTION PREOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS INTRAOPERATIVE TMJ SURGERY COMPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

19 13 Ablative Oral/Head and Neck Surgery INTRODUCTION COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO ABLATIVE SURGERY FOR MALIGNANT TUMORS COMPLICATIONS COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO ABLATIVE SURGERY FOR BENIGN TUMORS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

20 14 Lip Cancer INTRODUCTION Diagnosis/Staging COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH LIP RECONSTRUCTION SCARRING AND POOR COSMETIC OUTCOME COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO RADIATION THERAPY CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING

21 15 Dermatopathology and Skin Cancer INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS IN THE ACUTE HEALING STAGE CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING

22 16 Hard Tissue Reconstruction INTRODUCTION PATIENT FACTORS IN COMPLICATIONS HARD TISSUE GRAFT OPTIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS SPECIFIC DONOR SITE MORBIDITY AND COMPLICATIONS CALVARIAL BONE GRAFTS COSTOCHONDRAL GRAFTS HARDWARE IN HARD TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

23 17 Soft Tissue Reconstruction INTRODUCTION PEDICLED SOFT TISSUE FLAPS VASCULARIZED SOFT TISSUE FREE FLAPS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

24 18 Vascularized Reconstruction INTRODUCTION FASCIOCUTANEOUS AND OSTEOCUTANEOUS RADIAL FOREARM FLAP OSTEOCUTANEOUS FIBULA FLAP OSTEOCUTANEOUS SCAPULA FLAP OSSEOUS ILIAC CREST FLAP FLAP FAILURE CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

25 19 Head and Neck Radiotherapy INTRODUCTION COMPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

26 20 Microneurosurgery INTRODUCTION LACK OF FUNCTIONAL SENSORY RECOVERY AFTER NERVE REPAIR POOR PATIENT SELECTION DIFFICULT SURGICAL ACCESS WITH INABILITY TO LOCALIZE NERVE STUMPS IATROGENIC NERVE INJURY TO THE LN OR IAN INADEQUATE NEUROMA RESECTION TENSION ON NERVE REPAIR SITE FASCICULAR MALALIGNMENT POOR VASCULARITY OF SOFT TISSUE BED TRISMUS AFTER NERVE REPAIR SELF‐INDUCED INJURY AFTER NERVE REPAIR IATROGENIC INJURY TO NERVE(s) NO NERVE INJURY IDENTIFIED PATHOLOGICAL MANDIBLE FRACTURE MALOCCLUSION AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT ISSUES NERVE GRAFT COMPLICATIONS NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT IAN RECONSTRUCTION IN ABLATIVE MANDIBULAR RESECTION MISCELLANEOUS COMPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS SUGGESTED READING

27 21 Transoral Robotic Surgery INTRODUCTION SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS: PAIN SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS: DYSPHAGIA SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS: AIRWAY EDEMA SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS: BLEEDING SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS: IATROGENIC ORAL–CERVICAL COMMUNICATION AND PHARYNGOCUTANEOUS FISTULA FORMATION SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS: ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS: NERVE INJURY SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS: OTHERS AIRWAY FIRE TORS “FAILURE TO CURE”: CONVERSION TO OPEN APPROACH OR ABANDON TORS PROCEDURE TORS “FAILURE TO CURE”: INADEQUATE SURGICAL MARGIN CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

28 22 Sialoendoscopy INTRODUCTION SIALOENDOSCOPY VERSUS RADICAL SURGERY SIALOENDOSCOPY‐RELATED COMPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

29 23 Salivary Gland Surgery INTRODUCTION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

30 Index

31 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1. ASA physical status classification Table 1.2. Duke Activity Scale Index Table 1.3. Emergency drugs and equipment Table 1.4. Common antiemetic medications

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Types of osteomyelitis

3 Chapter 3 Table 3.1. Co‐relationship between implant condition and clinical and radio... Table 3.2. Stages of implant failure Table 3.3. Factors affecting implant success Table 3.4. Differences between static implant guides and dynamic implant na... Table 3.5. Peri‐implant mucositis versus peri‐implantitis Table 3.6. Biomechanical complications of implant dentistry

4 Chapter 4 Table 4.1. Steps of computer‐aided surgery Table 4.2. Benefits of dynamic navigation Table 4.3. Challenges related to the use of static guides for implant place...