Management of Complications in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

6 Chapter 6Fig. 6.1. Complications by osteotomy location.Fig. 6.2. Preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative complication time f...Fig. 6.3. Possible intraoperative anesthesia‐related complications.Fig. 6.4. (a) Segmental maxillary osteotomy. (b) Intraoperative dusky appear...Fig. 6.5. Persistent oronasal fistula following segmental maxillary surgery....Fig. 6.6. (a) Inadvertent maxillary fracture of the palatal shelf during Le ...Fig. 6.7. (a) Postoperative persistent ecchymosis and bleeding requiring ang...Fig. 6.8. (a) Lateral cephalograph showing overpenetration of genioplasty pi...Fig. 6.9. Vertical ramus osteotomy with overrotation of the proximal segment...Fig. 6.10. (a) 3D CT scan showing the medial horizontal osteotomy of a sagit...Fig. 6.11. (a) Buccal plate fracture of the proximal segment. (b) High bucca...Fig. 6.12. (a) Panorex showing multiple bad splits of the mandible requiring...Fig. 6.13. 3D CT showing significant proximal segment lateral torque followi...Fig. 6.14. (a) Panorex showing hardware failure with plate fracture on the r...Fig. 6.15. Postoperative complications based upon time frame following ortho...Fig. 6.16. Facial markings with vertical and roll lines.Fig. 6.17. The results of malpositioning of temporomandibular joint. (a) Cli...Fig. 6.18. (a–c) Lateral cephalogram and 3DCT showing the large open bite fr...

7 Chapter 7Fig. 7.1. Dolls and skull models with DO devices used for demonstration purp...Fig. 7.2. (a) Patient with left hemifacial microsomia; (b) incorrect vector ...Fig. 7.3. Surgical plan using computer software (Ostoplan, 3D Slicer). The l...Fig. 7.4. Intraoperative view of two different cases.Fig. 7.5. Patient who had bilateral mandibular intraoral DO complained of pa...Fig. 7.6. Patient after extensive maxillary and mandibular trauma with a def...Fig. 7.7. Patient after bilateral mandibular DO. (a) On the right side, the ...Fig. 7.8. Patient after left unilateral DO, who complained about pain and ma...Fig. 7.9. Patient after an extraoral DO procedure, who developed infection a...Fig. 7.10. Patient with Nager syndrome, who underwent bilateral mandibular D...

8 Chapter 8Fig. 8.1. Virtual fabrication of cutting guide capturing the genial tubercle...Fig. 8.2. Salvage of fractured bony segment with attached genioglossus by fi...Fig. 8.3. Anatomical position of the hyoepiglottic ligament in relation to t...Fig. 8.4. Lateral cephalometric radiograph exhibiting loss of fixation of on...Fig. 8.5. Mandibular osteotomy with a back‐cut posterior to the lingula with...Fig. 8.6. Preoperative panoramic radiograph of 56‐year‐old male with impacte...Fig. 8.7. Postoperative panoramic radiograph showing fixation of bad left ma...Fig. 8.8. Early postoperative malocclusion unable to be corrected with elast...Fig. 8.9. Lateral cephalometric radiograph of early postoperative malocclusi...Fig. 8.10. Fractured maxillary plate from MMA.Fig. 8.11. Replacement fixation for failed maxillary hardware.Fig. 8.12. Failed maxillary hardware after MMA.Fig. 8.13. Panoramic radiograph exhibiting loss of fixation and nonunion of ...Fig. 8.14. Lateral cephalometric radiograph exhibiting loss of projection an...Fig. 8.15. Panoramic radiograph following definitive rigid fixation treatmen...

9 Chapter 9Fig. 9.1. Four‐month‐old baby following lip–nose repair. This child develope...Fig. 9.2 Nine‐year‐old boy with left unilateral cleft lip and palate. Note h...Fig. 9.3. Teenage boy with a left unilateral cleft lip and palate. Note the ...Fig. 9.4. Six‐year‐old boy with bilateral cleft lip and palate. Note the wid...Fig. 9.5. Two‐year‐old girl with a right unilateral complete cleft lip and p...Fig. 9.6. Four‐year‐old boy with right unilateral cleft lip and palate. Note...Fig. 9.7. Five‐year‐old girl with a left‐sided unilateral cleft lip and pala...Fig. 9.8. (a) Unilateral cleft of the primary and secondary palates is shown...Fig. 9.9. (a) Complete cleft of the secondary palate (both hard and soft) is...Fig. 9.10. Illustration of superiorly based pharyngeal flap operative proced...Fig. 9.11. Pharyngoplasty procedure. (a) Incision of the posterior pharyngea...Fig. 9.12 (a) Lateral view of a patient who had an initial anterior cranial ...Fig. 9.13. (a) Frontal view from a 3D CT that shows a nonunion of previously...

10 Chapter 10Fig. 10.1 Ptosis of left eyelid resulting from diffusion of neurotoxin throu...Fig. 10.2 Complications and management for each type of filler materialFig. 10.3 The use of a blunt‐tip cannula reduces the risk of intravascular i...Fig. 10.4 Management of retinal embolusFig. 10.5 Preoperative lip injections (a). Filler was deposited from the com...Fig. 10.6 Emergency supplies for treatment of filler complicationsFig. 10.7 Left: PIH after full‐face CO 2laser skin resurfacing. Right: After...

11 Chapter 11Fig. 11.1. Ectropion and lid shortening observed five years after subciliary...Fig. 11.2. Patient 10 years after skin grafting to upper lids. Grafting was ...Fig. 11.3. Delayed submental hematoma formation in male facelift patient sev...Fig. 11.4. (a) Skin breakdown one week after facelift. (b) Debridement of ne...Fig. 11.5. Submental irregularity after isolated liposuction procedure. Degr...Fig. 11.6. (a) Patient with lateral sweep and pixie‐ear deformity. (b) Corre...Fig. 11.7. (a) Patient with pixie‐ear deformity, loss of temporal tuft of ha...Fig. 11.8. Facelift incision designed to incorporate a cuff of neck tissue a...Fig. 11.9. Visible malar shell silastic implant.Fig. 11.10. (a) Patient after loss of nasal tip/columella skin envelope and ...Fig. 11.11. Patient with septal perforation. Patient was unaware of conditio...Fig. 11.12. Patient with high dorsum and narrow middle nasal vault. Open roo...Fig. 11.13. Postrhinoplasty complications. (a) Open roof deformity – correct...

12 Chapter 12Fig. 12.1. Iatrogenic ear perforation during TMJ arthroscopy.Fig. 12.2. Right discectomy was performed for anterior disc displacement wit...

13 Chapter 13Fig. 13.1 The appearance of a T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the left ton...Fig. 13.2 A T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the right mandibular gingiva i...Fig. 13.3 An 84‐year‐old woman with a T2N1M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the ...Fig. 13.4 A CT of the chest (a) in a patient treated for stage IV squamous c...Fig. 13.5. Clinical images of squamous cell carcinoma of the left tongue (a)...Fig. 13.6. The clinical sequelae of a radical neck dissection performed in a...Fig. 13.7. The clinical appearance of a patient one year following selective...Fig. 13.8. A left hemidiaphragm noted in a patient with a left phrenic nerve...Fig. 13.9. Abnormal movement of the tongue on protrusion in a patient who un...Fig. 13.10 The presence of chyle in the wound of a patient undergoing right ...Fig. 13.11 Exposure of a reconstruction bone plate in a patient following ab...Fig. 13.12 Panoramic radiograph demonstrating an ameloblastoma of the left m...Fig. 13.13 Invasion of the pseudocapsule of a pleomorphic adenoma of the par...

14 Chapter 14Fig. 14.1. Frontal view of an 84‐year‐old male with an endophytic T2N0M0 squ...Fig. 14.2. Frontal view of a 76‐year‐old male with an exophytic T2N0M0 squam...Fig. 14.3 Frontal view of a 49‐year‐old female with a T2N0M0 invasive kerati...Fig. 14.4 Frontal view of an 84‐year‐old female with a polymorphous low‐grad...Fig. 14.5 Intraoral view of an 84‐year‐old female with a PLGA lesion of the ...Fig. 14.6 Frontal view of a 44‐year‐old male with untreated endophytic ulcer...Fig. 14.7 Frontal view of an 89‐year‐old female with a large fungating T3N0M...Fig. 14.8 Intraoral view of the large fungating lesion.Fig. 14.9 Intraoperative resection of patient's lesion with anticipated Kara...Fig. 14.10 Postoperative view of patient status after wide local excision of...Fig. 14.11 Final postoperative photo of the patient revealing contracture an...Fig. 14.12. Intraoperative view of planned resection and reconstruction with...Fig. 14.13 Intraoperative view of a 76‐year‐old female with a recurrent T1N0...Fig. 14.14 Intraoperative resection of the T1N0M0 lesion.Fig. 14.15 Closure of the defect reveals severe microstomia [35].Fig. 14.16 Frontal view of an 85‐year‐old male who underwent wide local exci...Fig. 14.17 Close‐up view reveals inversion of the lower lip resulting in los...Fig. 14.18 Frontal view of an 84‐year‐old female reconstructed with a radial...Fig. 14.19 Postoperative view of a vascular free flap reconstruction to prev...