Alison Chapman: Basic Guide to Oral Health Education and Promotion

1 Cover

2 Title Page BASIC GUIDE TO ORAL HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION Third Edition Alison Chapman RDH, FAETC Simon H. Felton BSc (Hons)

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 Foreword

6 Preface

7 Acknowledgements

8 About the Companion Website

9 Section 1: Structure and Functions of the Oral Cavity Chapter 1: The oral cavity in health INTRODUCTION ORAL EMBRYOLOGY MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY TEETH THE TONGUE AND THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH SALIVA REFERENCES

10 Section 2: Diseases and Conditions of the Oral Cavity Chapter 2: Plaque, calculus, and staining INTRODUCTION PLAQUE CALCULUS TOOTH STAINING REFERENCE Chapter 3: Dental plaque‐induced gingivitis DENTAL PLAQUE‐INDUCED GINGIVITIS REFERENCE Chapter 4: Periodontal disease WHAT IS PERIODONTITIS? NECROTISING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS PERI‐IMPLANT MUCOSITIS AND PERI‐IMPLANTITIS REFERENCES Chapter 5: Caries WHAT IS CARIES? REFERENCES Chapter 6: Tooth surface loss and sensitivity WHAT IS TOOTH SURFACE LOSS? SENSITIVITY (DENTINE HYPERSENSITIVITY) REFERENCES Chapter 7: Xerostomia WHAT IS XEROSTOMIA? REFERENCE Chapter 8: Other diseases and disorders affecting the oral cavity INTRODUCTION PERIODONTAL ABSCESS APHTHOUS ULCERS (MINOR AND MAJOR) COLD SORES (HERPES LABIALIS) PRIMARY (ACUTE) HERPETIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS TOOTH ANOMALIES BURNING MOUTH SYNDROME GLOSSITIS GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE BLACK HAIRY TONGUE ORAL CANDIDOSIS WHITE PATCHES (LEUKOPLAKIA) ORAL CANCER (CARCINOMA) SQUAMOUS CELL PAPILLOMA MUCOCELE TORI BURNS RECREATIONAL DRUG USERS SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH ORAL IMPLICATIONS REFERENCES

11 Section 3: Oral Disease Prevention Chapter 9: Nutrition, diet, and exercise INTRODUCTION ROLE OF THE OHE A HEALTHY BALANCED DIET (THE EATWELL GUIDE) NUTRITION FOOD ADDITIVES FOOD LABELLING PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND GENERAL WELLBEING REFERENCES Chapter 10: Sugars in the diet INTRODUCTION UK CONSUMPTION CLASSIFICATION OF SUGARS OHE ADVICE TO PATIENTS ON SUGAR CONSUMPTION SUGAR SUBSTITUTES REFERENCES Chapter 11: Fluoride WHAT IS FLUORIDE? REFERENCES Chapter 12: Fissure sealants WHAT IS A FISSURE SEALANT? REFERENCES Chapter 13: Smoking cessation and substance misuse SMOKING AND TOBACCO USE OTHER DRUG MISUSE AND SUPPORT REFERENCES Chapter 14: Anti‐plaque agents INTRODUCTION REFERENCES

12 Section 4: Delivering Oral Health Messages Chapter 15: Communication WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? COMMUNICATION IN THE DENTAL SURGERY MEDIA INFLUENCE TECHNOLOGY AND ORAL HEALTH EDUCATION REFERENCE Chapter 16: Education and planning sessions INTRODUCTION EDUCATIONAL THEORISTS THE THREE DOMAINS OF LEARNING STRUCTURING A SESSION SO WHAT IS A QUESTIONNAIRE? REFERENCE Chapter 17: Setting up a preventive dental unit INTRODUCTION SETTING UP A PDU SETTING UP DISPLAYS OTHER CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES Chapter 18: Planning an oral hygiene presentation to a group INTRODUCTION PLANNING A TALK TO A GROUP OUTSIDE OF THE PRACTICE DELIVERING THE TALK (CHECKLIST) SETTING UP AN EXHIBITION OR DISPLAY POSTER DESIGN AND DISPLAYING WRITTEN INFORMATION Chapter 19: Practical oral hygiene instruction INTRODUCTION TEACHING PLAQUE CONTROL SKILLS COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES EXAMPLE OHE APPOINTMENT [1] REFERENCES

13 Section 5: Oral Health Target Groups and Case Studies Chapter 20: Pregnant patients INTRODUCTION SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ORAL DISEASES AND CONDITIONS SUMMARY OF ADVICE FOR PREGNANT WOMEN REFERENCES Chapter 21: Parents and guardiansof pre‐11 year olds INTRODUCTION GENERAL ADVICE SPECIFIC ADVICE TO PARENTS OF 0–3 YEAR OLDS SPECIFIC ADVICE TO PARENTS OF CHILDREN AGED 4–6 YEARS SPECIFIC ADVICE TO PARENTS OF CHILDREN AGED 7–11 YEARS REFERENCES Chapter 22: Adolescent and orthodontic patients ADOLESCENTS THE ORTHODONTIC PATIENT REFERENCES Chapter 23: Older people WHO ARE OLDER PEOPLE? DENTURE CARE OBTURATORS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR CARE HOME MANAGERS DEMENTIA OTHER CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES Chapter 24: At‐risk patients and people with special needs WHO ARE AT‐RISK PATIENTS? PHRASES USED FOR PATIENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS REFERENCES Chapter 25: Minority cultural and ethnic populations in the United Kingdom INTRODUCTION BARRIERS TO DENTAL TREATMENT REFERENCES Chapter 26: Other health professionals INTRODUCTION WHO ELSE PROVIDES ORAL HEALTH EDUCATION? TEAM UP WITH OTHER PROFESSIONALS GIVING ADVICE TO INDIVIDUAL HEALTH EDUCATION PROFESSIONALS Chapter 27: Planning education case studies, exhibitions, and record of competence INTRODUCTION REFERENCE

14 Section 6: Oral Health and Society Chapter 28: Sociology SOCIOLOGY THE ICEBERG EFFECT REFERENCES Chapter 29: Epidemiology WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY? SURVEYS INDICES REFERENCES Chapter 30: Evidence‐based prevention PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE EVIDENCE‐BASED PREVENTION RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES DENTAL CONTRACT REFORM: PROTOTYPES SCHEME REFERENCES Chapter 31: UK dental services NHS DENTAL SERVICE PRIVATE DENTAL PRACTICES REVIEW OF NHS DENTAL SERVICES IN ENGLAND THE HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE ACT 2012 CLINICAL GOVERNANCE AND DONABEDIAN’S MODEL THE GENERAL DENTAL COUNCIL CARE QUALITY COMMISSION COMMUNITY DENTAL SERVICE HOSPITAL DENTAL SERVICES REFERENCES Chapter 32: Oral health promotion WHAT IS ORAL HEALTH PROMOTION? DEFINING PEOPLE’S NEEDS INTERNATIONAL ORAL HEALTH PROMOTION UK NATIONALLY‐LED ORAL HEALTH PROMOTION INITIATIVES GETTING INVOLVED WITH LOCAL ORAL HEALTH PROMOTION INITIATIVES BARRIERS TO PROMOTION FUTURE PROMOTION REFERENCES Chapter 33: Dental research KEEPING UP TO DATE WITH RESEARCH CLINICAL TRIALS SOURCING RESEARCH PAPERS

15 Index

16 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Primary dentition (notation, approximate eruption dates, and functi... Table 1.2 FDI World Dental Federation notation for deciduous (primary) dentit... Table 1.3 Secondary dentition (notation, approximate exfoliation/eruption dat... Table 1.4 FDI World Dental Federation notation for permanent (secondary) dent... Table 1.5 Percentages of organic and inorganic matter in hard tooth structure...

2 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) – criteria for grading erosiv...

3 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Recommended daily doses for fluoride supplements.Table 11.2 The association between levels of fluoride in water and fluorosis.

4 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Example lesson plan – Understanding the principles of education ( a ...Table 16.2 Example lesson plan – Effective Toothbrushing using a suitable man...

5 Chapter 24Table 24.1 Examples of acceptable and unacceptable phrases for certain patien...

6 Chapter 28Table 28.1 National Statistics Socio‐economic Classification (NS‐SEC) of anal...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Structure of the oral cavity. Figure 1.2 A healthy mouth (white person). Figure 1.3 A healthy mouth (black person). Figure 1.4 A healthy mouth (Asian person). Figure 1.5 Facial development at 4 weeks in utero . Figure 1.6 Cleft lip and palate in a six‐month‐old baby. Figure 1.7 Primary dentition. Figure 1.8 Secondary dentition. Figure 1.9 Structure of the tooth. Figure 1.10 The periodontium. Figure 1.11 Gingivae. Figure 1.12 Major salivary glands.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 (a,b)Plaque undisclosed (a) disclosed (b) in the same mouth. Figure 2.2 Mature plaque and gingivitis in a neglected mouth. Figure 2.3 Mature plaque (scanning electron microscope). Figure 2.4 Supragingival calculus before (right) and after (left) scaling.... Figure 2.5 Subgingival calculus exposed after improved oral hygiene. Figure 2.6 Extrinsic staining caused by betel nut chewing.

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Localised marginal gingivitis. Figure 3.2 Generalised marginal gingivitis. Figure 3.3 Gingivitis in a neglected mouth. Figure 3.4 Drug‐induced gingival growth (immunosuppressants for rheumatoid a...