Jiyan Dai - Ferroic Materials for Smart Systems

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 A modified Sawyer–Tower circuit for ferroelectric P–E loop me...Figure 4.2 Typical P – E loop from a PMN‐PT relaxor ferroelectric single crystal...Figure 4.3 (a) An ideal linear response of capacitor, (b) an ideal resistor re...Figure 4.4 Dielectric–temperature curve of (a) (Ba xSr 1−x)TiO 3where x va...Figure 4.5 Schematic diagram of piezoresponse force microscopy imaging mechani...Figure 4.6 (a) Our PFM phase image of a PZT grain in a PZT film showing ferroe...Figure 4.7 Our PFM out‐of‐plane phase hysteresis loop and amplitude butterfly ...Figure 4.8 Our PFM results from epitaxial BaTiO 3thin films. (a) Amplitude and...Figure 4.9 (a) Illustration of four sectors of a photo‐detector in AFM. (b) Qu...Figure 4.10 Piezoresponse (a) OPP phase, (b) OPP amplitude, (c) IPP amplitude ...Figure 4.11 (a) The sample surface movement of out‐of‐plane polarization ANSYS...Figure 4.12 (a) The sample surface movement of in‐plane polarization ANSYS sim...Figure 4.13 Expected piezoresponse amplitude signals, and accompanying domain ...Figure 4.14 Schematics of dual frequency resonance tracking (DFRT) technique: ...Figure 4.15 Typical X‐ray θ – 2θ scans of (a) BiFeO 3and La:BiFeO 3fil...Figure 4.16 Reciprocal space mapping of the M Aand M Cphases in PMN‐ x PT crysta...Figure 4.17 (a) Low magnification TEM images of the KNN single crystal along 〈...Figure 4.18 SAED patterns of different zone axes of Bi 0.85Nd 0.15FeO 3ceramics ...Figure 4.19 (a) Atomically resolved HAADF‐STEM images of 2 unit‐cell‐thick BiF...Figure 4.20 A series of TEM image of in situ observation of ferroelectric doma...Figure 4.21 (a) CBED pattern of the tetragonal phase of PbTiO 3taken at room t...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Demonstration of ferroelectricity for a 1‐nm BaTiO 3film grown on t...Figure 5.2 Illustrations of (top) top view and (bottom) side view along y dire...Figure 5.3 (a) Temperature dependence of polarization obtained from Monte Carl...Figure 5.4 (a) The stripe domain of a 1 unit cell SnTe film and (b) schematic ...Figure 5.5 Vortex structures in nature from flower (a) to snail (b), tornado (...Figure 5.6 PFM images of instantaneous domain configurations with out‐of‐plane...Figure 5.7 Exploring the phase boundary between (SrTiO 3) 10/(PbTiO 3) 10superlat...Figure 5.8 (a) Schematic configurations of a single chiral skyrmion and (b) ra...Figure 5.9 Skyrmion structures with varying vorticity m and helicity γ . T...Figure 5.10 Ordinary ρ xy, anomalous ρ AHEand topological Hall resist...Figure 5.11 (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for FE domain swit...Figure 5.12 The structures of the two phases of DIPAB, α phase at 293 K and th...Figure 5.13 (a) The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of the α...Figure 5.14 Illustration of fluorite oxide structure, large and small spheres ...Figure 5.15 A schematic for the structural origin of the ferroelectricity in p...Figure 5.16 The formation of the orthorhombic phase proceeds by transformation...Figure 5.17 Polarization measurement of metal–insulator–metal capacitor sample...Figure 5.18 P – E hysteresis loops for a thickness series of pure HfO 2thin film...Figure 5.19 (a) Evolution of the ferroelectric remnant polarization during bip...Figure 5.20 Phase evolution model of the three different stages of the ferroel...Figure 5.21 (a) Cross‐sectional high‐angle annular dark field‐scanning transmi...Figure 5.22 (a) TEM image of Al:HfO 2/LSMO and (b) PFM amplitude and phase hyst...Figure 5.23 (a) Surface morphology of CH 3NH 3PbI 3perovskite crystal showing st...Figure 5.24 (a) A discrete ferroelectric layer in between electron‐collection ...Figure 5.25 Ferroic domain patterns of CH 3NH 3PbI 3crystals revealed by (a) SEM...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Direct and converse piezoelectric effects.Figure 6.2 Definition of directions for piezoelectric constants.Figure 6.3 Diagram showing the definitions of (a) d 33, (b) d 31, and (c) d 15.Figure 6.4 Diagram showing the definition (the relationship between the poling...Figure 6.5 Frequency‐dependent dielectric permittivity showing resonance and a...Figure 6.6 Equivalent electrical circuit of a piezoelectric resonator.Figure 6.7 Impedance‐frequency spectrum of a poled PMN–PT single crystal with Figure 6.8 Simplified equivalent circuit corresponding to the regions A–E in F...Figure 6.9 A long rod with the electric field parallel to its length.Figure 6.10 Electrical impedance and phase angle versus frequency spectra of a...Figure 6.11 A length‐expander plate with the electric field perpendicular to i...Figure 6.12 A shear plate with the electric field parallel to its thickness.Figure 6.13 A thin plate with the electric field parallel to its thickness.Figure 6.14 A thin disc with the electric field parallel to its thickness.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 The basic geometry of a single‐element ultrasonic transducer while ...Figure 7.2 KLM electrical equivalent circuit model for a piezoelectric transdu...Figure 7.3 (a) Setup of pulse‐echo measurement and (b) typical measurement res...Figure 7.4 Illustration of resolution definition ultrasound imaging, where −6 ...Figure 7.5 Different types of medical ultrasound transducers developed from ou...Figure 7.6 Simulation of motion on stator surface.Figure 7.7 (a) Schematic diagram of motion between stator and rotor and (b) ou...Figure 7.8 Nyquist diagram around its fundamental resonance and anti‐resonance...Figure 7.9 Bode diagram around its fundamental resonance and anti‐resonance fr...Figure 7.10 (a) Diagram of stator and (b) the PZT ring. The numbers indicate dFigure 7.11 Schematic diagram of SAW filters.Figure 7.12 Schematic diagram of Rayleigh wave.Figure 7.13 (a) Stereoscopic view of the ideal crystal stacking of LiNbO 3alon...Figure 7.14 Detail information of S ‐parameters.Figure 7.15 Schematic diagram of SAW device structure (LiNbO 3/Al 2O 3/diamond). ...Figure 7.16 Scattering parameters S 11response of the SAW device fabricated on...Figure 7.17 Schematic procedures of the modified dice‐and‐fill method used for...Figure 7.18 Construction of the NBT–BT/epoxy 1–3 composite single‐element and ...Figure 7.19 (a) Pulse‐echo waveform and (b) frequency spectrum of a single arr...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Diagram showing the magnetic moment associated with (a) orbital mot...Figure 8.2 Illustration of time reversion symmetry breaking.Figure 8.3 Schematic densities of states (DOSs) for ferromagnetism: (a) strong...Figure 8.4 Illustration of magnetization versus temperature. Arrows inside the...Figure 8.5 Sketch of Landau free energy F(M) = αM2 + βM4...Figure 8.6 Sketch of Landau free energy F(M) = αM2 + βM4 − μ0HM...Figure 8.7 Domain structures in cubic (a) and hexagonal (b) structured ferroma...Figure 8.8 Domain wall structures of (a) Bloch‐type ferromagnetic domain walls...Figure 8.9 Schematic diagram of origin of the AMR effect, (a) high and (b) low...Figure 8.10 Magnetoresistance of Fe/Cr superlattice showing the change in the ...Figure 8.11 (a) Diagram showing the superlattice structure of ferromagnetic Fe...Figure 8.12 Hybrid probe: eddy current testing (ECT) coil with GMR sensor.Figure 8.13 Diagram of spin‐dependent TMR effect in parallel (left) and antipa...Figure 8.14 Diagram of (a) a conventional MRAM cell and (b) STT‐RAM cell memor...Figure 8.15 Terfenol‐D crystal orientation where [112] is the rod direction an...Figure 8.16 Illustration of the relationship among the spontaneous magnetostri...Figure 8.17 The magnetic (a) hysteresis loops and (b) magnetostrictive strain ...Figure 8.18 Schematic diagram of a magnetic field‐driven ultrasonic transducer...Figure 8.19 Schematic diagram of force sensor using Metglas core.Figure 8.20 (a) Schematic diagram of VSM system and M–H loops of two mag...Figure 8.21 Diagram of a DC SQUID.Figure 8.22 (a) Schematic diagram of MFM mechanism and (b) MFM image of a magn...Figure 8.23 Schematic illustration showing the optical experiment for observin...Figure 8.24 (a) Ordinary Hall effect and (b) anomalous Hall effect (AHE). B is...Figure 8.25 (a) Spin Hall effect and (b) inverse spin Hall effect, σdeno...