Jaime Frejlich - Photorefractive Materials for Dynamic Optical Recording

1 Cover

2 List of Figures

3 List of Tables

4 Preface

5 Acknowledgments

6 Part I: Fundamentals 1 Electro‐Optic Effect 1.1 Light Propagation in Crystals 1.2 Tensorial Analysis 1.3 Electro‐Optic Effect 1.4 Perovskite Crystals 1.5 Sillenite Crystals 1.6 Concluding Remarks 2 Photoactive Centers and Photoconductivity 2.1 Photoactive Centers: Deep and Shallow Traps 2.2 Luminescence 2.3 Photoconductivity 2.4 Photovoltaic Effect 2.5 Nonlinear Photovoltaic Effect 2.6 Light‐Induced Absorption or Photochromic Effect 2.7 Dember or Light‐Induced Schottky Effect Notes

7 Part II: Holographic Recording 3 Recording a Space‐Charge Electric Field 3.1 Index‐of‐Refraction Modulation 3.2 General Formulation 3.3 First Spatial Harmonic Approximation 3.4 Steady‐State Nonstationary Process: Running Holograms 3.5 Photovoltaic Materials 4 Volume Hologram with Wave Mixing 4.1 Coupled Wave Theory: Fixed Grating 4.2 Dynamic Coupled Wave Theory 4.3 Phase Modulation 4.4 Four‐Wave Mixing 4.5 Conclusions 5 Anisotropic Diffraction 5.1 Coupled‐Wave with Anisotropic Diffraction 5.2 Anisotropic Diffraction and Optical Activity 6 Stabilized Holographic Recording6.1 Introduction 6.2 Mathematical Formulation 6.3 Self‐Stabilized Recording in Actual Materials

8 Part III: Materials Characterization 7 General Electrical and Optical Techniques 7.1 Electro‐Optic Coefficient 7.2 Light‐Induced Absorption 7.3 Dark Conductivity 7.4 Photoconductivity 7.5 Photo‐Electric Conversion 7.6 Modulated Photoconductivity 7.7 Photo‐Electromotive‐Force Techniques (PEMF) Note 8 Holographic Techniques8.1 Holographic Recording and Erasing 8.2 Direct Holographic Techniques 8.3 Hologram Recording 8.4 Hologram Erasure 8.5 Materials 8.6 Phase Modulation Techniques 8.7 Holographic Photo‐Electromotive‐Force (HPEMF) Techniques 9 Self‐Stabilized Holographic Techniques 9.1 Holographic Phase Shift 9.2 Fringe‐Locked Running Holograms 9.3 Characterization of :Fe

9 Part IV: Applications 10 Vibrations and Deformations 10.1 Measurement of Vibration and Deformation 10.2 Experimental Setup 11 Fixed Holograms11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fixed Holograms in 12 Photoelectric Conversion 12.1 Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency: Dember and Photovoltaic Effects

10 Part V: Appendix Appendix A: Appendix AReversible Real‐Time HologramsReversible Real‐Time Holograms A.1 Naked‐Eye Detection A.2 Instrumental Detection Appendix B: Appendix BDiffraction Efficiency MeasurementDiffraction Efficiency Measurement B.1 Angular Bragg Selectivity B.2 Reversible Holograms B.3 High Index‐of‐Refraction Material Appendix C: Appendix CEffectively Applied Electric FieldEffectively Applied Electric Field Appendix D: Appendix DPhysical Meaning of Some ParametersPhysical Meaning of Some Parameters D.1 Temperature D.2 Diffusion and Mobility Appendix E: Appendix EPhotodiodesPhotodiodes E.1 Photovoltaic Regime E.2 Photoconductive Regime E.3 Operational Amplifier

11 Bibliography

12 Index

13 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Index of refraction of KDP.

2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Photovoltaic transport coefficient for Fe‐ and Cu‐doped . Table 2.2 Photovoltaic transport coefficient for BTeO and BSO. Table 2.3 Parameters for BTO and BSO from Figs. 2.25 and 2.26.

3 Chapter 6Table 6.1 :Fe samples.

4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Effective electro‐optic coefficient for doped and undoped BTO.Table 7.2 Parameters: pure and doped sillenite crystals.Table 7.3 Absorption parameters for pure and doped BTO for = 532 nm. Table 7.4 Saturated absorption for sillenites.Table 7.5 Dark conductivity measurement.Table 7.6 DOS for . From [29]. Table 7.7 Photoconductivity and derived parameters for BTO at 532 nm.

5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Properties of a KNSBN:Ti sample.Table 8.2 Debye length on illumination for . Table 8.3 Holographic sensitivity and gain for some materials.Table 8.4 Hole‐electron competition in BTO:Pb – data from Fig. 8.7.Table 8.5 Sensitivity and relative photoconductivity: doped and undoped BTO at ...Table 8.6 Running hologram: undoped BTO at nm. Table 8.7 Best fitting parameters from HPEMF experiments [153].

6 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Initial phase shift: for from data fitting in Fig. 9.2. Table 9.2 Parameters from experimental and data fitting as function of for ...Table 9.3 Parameters for :Fe samples. Table 9.4 :Fe material parameters. Table 9.5 Sensitivity and relative photoconductivity for doped and undoped BTO.

7 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Fixed grating diffraction efficiency.

8 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Photoelectric conversion efficiency.

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Refractive index ellipsoid. Figure 1.2 Refractive indices for a plane wave propagating in an anisotropic m... Figure 1.3 Crystallographic axes of a sillenite and an applied 3D electric fie... Figure 1.4 Structure of an undistorted cubic perovskite structure with general... Figure 1.5 Three‐dimensional sillenite structure: darker spheres represent i... Figure 1.6 Schematic representation of a raw BTO crystal boule with its striat... Figure 1.7