Spectroscopy for Materials Characterization

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Preface

5 List of Contributors

6 1 Radiation–Matter Interaction Principles 1.1 Empirical Aspects of Radiation–Matter Interaction 1.2 Microscopic Point of View 1.3 Instrumental Setups 1.4 Case Studies References

7 2 Time‐Resolved Photoluminescence 2.1 Introduction to Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 2.2 Experimental Methods and Analysis 2.3 Case Studies: Luminescent Point Defects in Amorphous SiO 2 References

8 3 Ultrafast Optical Spectroscopies 3.1 Femtosecond Spectroscopy: An Overview 3.2 Ultrafast Optical Pulses 3.3 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy 3.4 Ultrafast Fluorescence Spectroscopies 3.5 Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy 3.6 Case Studies References

9 4 Confocal and Two‐Photon Spectroscopy 4.1 Introduction and Historical Perspectives 4.2 Fluorescence Imaging 4.3 Spectroscopy Using a Microscope 4.4 Case Studies References

10 5 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy 5.1 Fundamentals 5.2 Sources and Detectors 5.3 Techniques and Sampling Methods 5.4 Applications and Case Studies References

11 6 Raman and Micro‐Raman Spectroscopy 6.1 Basic Theory 6.2 Instrumentation 6.3 Case Studies References

12 7 Thermally Stimulated Luminescence 7.1 Theory of Thermally Stimulated Luminescence 7.2 Data Analysis Methods 7.3 Instrumentation and Considerations on Samples 7.4 Case Studies References

13 8 Spectroscopic Studies of Radiation Effects on Optical Materials 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Radiation‐Induced Effects on Optical Materials and Optical Fibers 8.3 Radiation‐Induced Attenuation Measurements 8.4 Radiation‐Induced Luminescence (RIL) 8.5 Case Studies References

14 9 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Basic Principle of EPR 9.3 Anisotropy of g and Spectral Lineshape 9.4 The EPR Lineshape in Powder or in Amorphous 9.5 Hyperfine Interactions 9.6 Paramagnetic Center with S = 1 9.7 Basics of Continuous Wave EPR Setup 9.8 Parameters for EPR Signal Acquisition 9.9 Cw EPR Case Studies 9.10 Time‐Resolved EPR Spectroscopy References

15 10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 NMR General Concepts 10.3 Liquid‐State NMR 10.4 Solid‐State NMR 10.5 Nonconventional NMR Techniques 10.6 Case Studies References

16 11 X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X‐Ray Raman Scattering Spectroscopy for Energy Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The X‐Ray Absorption Coefficient and the EXAFS Technique 11.3 EXAFS: Data Analysis Overview 11.4 Experimental Setups 11.5 X‐Ray Raman Scattering Spectroscopy 11.6 Case Studies: Application of XAFS and XRS for Energy Materials References

17 12 X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 12.1 General Principles 12.2 Instrumental Setup 12.3 Applications 12.4 Data Analysis 12.5 Case Studies References

18 13 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy – Materials Science Technique 13.1 UPS History and Capabilities 13.2 Theory and Experimental Methodology of UPS 13.3 UPS Experiment and Factors of Influence References

19 14 Transmission Electron Spectroscopy 14.1 Empirical Aspects of Electron–Matter Interaction 14.2 Instrumental Setups References

20 15 Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The AFM Microscope 15.3 Tip–Surface Interaction Forces 15.4 AFM Acquisition Modes 15.5 AFM Spectroscopy 15.6 Case Studies References

21 Index

22 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Best‐fitting parameters obtained by Eq. (2.78) for the decay kineti...

2 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Selected infrared‐transparent materials.Table 5.2 Common ATR IRE materials.

3 Chapter 7Table 7.1 values for the constants c γand b γin Eq. (7.34).

4 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Dose rate, dose, and temperature ranges for the different radiation...Table 8.2 Gaussian absorption bands peak position, width, and amplitude at di...

5 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Examples of isotopes spin, natural abundance, gyromagnetic ratio, ...

6 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Helium gas‐discharge ultraviolet photon emission lines.

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of a beam of light at wavelength λ ... Figure 1.2 Bottom: Typical absorption spectrum registered as a function of w... Figure 1.3 Typical decay curve as a function of time of the emission. For t ... Figure 1.4 Top: Schematic representation of two energy‐level atom. The arrow... Figure 1.5 On the left: Schematic representation of the configuration total ... Figure 1.6 Jablonski diagram for the transition processes of electrons among... Figure 1.7 Pictorial representation of the instrumentations to carry out spe... Figure 1.8 Top: Absorption spectra of holmium glass filter at various bandwi... Figure 1.9 Absorption spectrum of a commercial fused quartz glass featuring ... Figure 1.10 Absorption spectra of CdSe/ZnS core–shell nanoparticles at diffe... Figure 1.11 Emission spectrum of the commercial fused quartz glass with the ...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Configuration coordinate diagram. The potential energy of the gro... Figure 2.2 Configuration coordinate diagram where are depicted the zero‐phon ... Figure 2.3 Configuration coordinate diagram showing the potential energy of ... Figure 2.4 Scheme describing the absorption and luminescence of a sample of ... Figure 2.5 Diagram of the CCD timing: Gate ON and Gate OFF modes. Figure 2.6 Structure of the NBOHC and p orbitals of the dangling oxygen in t... Figure 2.7 Time‐resolved PL spectra acquired at different delays in the samp... Figure 2.8 Panel (a): Semilog plots of the PL decay in surface‐NBOHC ( S─i─O... Figure 2.9 Time‐resolved PL spectra of surface‐NBOHC ( Si─O─) 3Si─O •un... Figure 2.10 Panel (a): Time‐resolved PL spectrum of surface‐NBOHC ( Si─O─) 3S... Figure 2.11 Panel (a): Time‐resolved PL spectrum of surface‐NBOHC ( Si─O─) 3S... Figure 2.12 Time‐resolved PL spectrum of the surface‐NBOHC ( Si─O─) 3Si─O •... Figure 2.13 Panel (a): Time‐resolved PL spectra of surface‐NBOHC ( Si─O─) 3Si...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Panel (a): Simulation of a gaussian pulse centered at 550 nm with... Figure 3.2 Top: (a) Wavevectors of pump ( ), signal ( ), and idler ( ) in th... Figure 3.3 On the left panel, a hypothetical signal decomposed into three co... Figure 3.4 Scheme of a typical pump–probe setup. Figure 3.5 Scheme of a typical fluorescence upconversion setup. Figure 3.6 Panel (a): Scheme of the three‐pulse sequence used in time‐resolv... Figure 3.7 A possible configuration for a time‐resolved stimulated Raman exp... Figure 3.8 (a) TA spectra of CdSe NCs recorded at 0.1, 0.5, and 2 ps compare... Figure 3.9 TA spectra of bare CDs (a) and with 100 mM of Cu 2+(b) recorded a...