John O'Brien - Earth Materials

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Preface

5 Acknowledgments

6 About the Companion Website

7 Chapter 1: Earth materials and the geosphere 1.1 EARTH MATERIALS 1.2 MINERALS AND MINERALOIDS 1.3 THE GEOSPHERE 1.4 DETAILED MODEL OF THE GEOSPHERE 1.5 GLOBAL TECTONICS 1.6 HOTSPOTS AND MANTLE CONVECTION CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

8 Chapter 2: Atoms, elements, bonds, and coordination polyhedra 2.1 ATOMS 2.2 THE PERIODIC TABLE 2.3 CHEMICAL BONDS 2.4 PAULING'S RULES AND COORDINATION POLYHEDRA 2.5 THE CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

9 Chapter 3: Atomic substitution, phase diagrams, and isotopes 3.1 ATOMIC (IONIC) SUBSTITUTION 3.2 PHASE STABILITY (EQUILIBRIUM) DIAGRAMS 3.3 ISOTOPES CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

10 Chapter 4: Crystallography 4.1 CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES 4.2 SYMMETRY OPERATIONS 4.3 TWO‐DIMENSIONAL MOTIFS AND LATTICES (MESHES) 4.4 THREE‐DIMENSIONAL MOTIFS AND LATTICES 4.5 CRYSTAL SYSTEMS 4.6 INDEXING PLANES IN CRYSTALS 4.7 TWINNED CRYSTALS 4.8 CRYSTAL DEFECTS 4.9 POLYMORPHS AND PSUEDOMORPHS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

11 Chapter 5: Mineral properties and rock‐forming minerals 5.1 MINERAL FORMATION 5.2 CRYSTAL HABITS 5.3 MACROSCOPIC MINERAL PROPERTIES 5.4 SILICATE MINERALS 5.5 NONSILICATE MINERALS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

12 Chapter 6: Optical identification of minerals 6.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 6.2 ESSENTIALS OF OPTICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 6.3 THE OPTICAL INDICATRIX, INTERFERENCE FIGURES AND OPTIC SIGN DETERMINATIONS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

13 Chapter 7: Igneous rock texture, composition, and classification 7.1 MAGMA AND IGNEOUS ROCKS 7.2 CRYSTALLINE IGNEOUS TEXTURES 7.3 NONCRYSTALLINE TEXTURES 7.4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS 7.5 MINERAL COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS 7.6 MINERAL COMPOSITION AND TERMINOLOGY 7.7 IUGS IGNEOUS ROCK CLASSIFICATION CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

14 Chapter 8: Magma and intrusive structures 8.1 ROCK MELTING 8.2 FACTORS IN ANATEXIS AND INITIAL MELT COMPOSITION 8.3 DIVERSIFICATION: DIFFERENTIATION, MIXING AND ASSIMILATION PROCESSES 8.4 MAGMA SERIES 8.5 VARIATION DIAGRAMS 8.6 INTRUSIVE STRUCTURES CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

15 Chapter 9: Volcanic features and landforms 9.1 VOLCANOES 9.2 VOLCANO CLASSIFCATION, FEATURES, AND SETTINGS 9.3 CLASSIFIYING VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

16 Chapter 10: Igneous rock associations 10.1 PETROTECTONIC ASSOCIATIONS 10.2 DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES 10.3 CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES 10.4 INTRAPLATE IGNEOUS ACTIVITY CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

17 Chapter 11: Weathering, sediment production, and soils 11.1 WEATHERING 11.2 DISSOLVED SOLIDS 11.3 DETRITAL SEDIMENTS 11.4 SOILS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

18 Chapter 12: The sedimentary cycle 12.1 SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 12.2 THE SEDIMENTARY CYCLE 12.3 STRATIFICATION AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS 12.4 AGENTS OF EROSION, SEDIMENT DISPERSION AND DEPOSITION CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

19 Chapter 13: Detrital sediments and sedimentary rocks 13.1 TEXTURES OF DETRITAL SEDIMENTS 13.2 GRAVELSTONES 13.3 SANDSTONES 13.4 MUDROCKS 13.5 DIAGENESIS OF DETRITAL SEDIMENTS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

20 Chapter 14: Biochemical sedimentary rocks 14.1 INTRODUCTION 14.2 CARBONATE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 14.3 EVAPORITES 14.4 SILICEOUS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 14.5 IRON‐RICH SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 14.6 SEDIMENTARY PHOSPHATES 14.7 COAL AND OTHER CARBON‐RICH SEDIMENTS AND MATERIALS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

21 Chapter 15: Metamorphism 15.1 METAMORPHISM: AN INTRODUCTION 15.2 CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON METAMORPHIC ROCKS 15.3 COMMON PROTOLITH COMPOSITIONS 15.4 METAMORPHIC PROCESSES 15.5 MAJOR TYPES OF METAMORPHISM CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

22 Chapter 16: Metamorphism 16.1 FORCE AND STRESS 16.2 DEFORMATION 16.3 TYPES OF DEFORMATION 16.4 DEFORMATION STYLES AND MATERIAL BEHAVIOR 16.5 BRITTLE STRUCTURES 16.6 DUCTILE STRUCTURES 16.7 SMALL‐SCALE PLANAR AND LINEAR STRUCTURES CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

23 Chapter 17: Texture and classification of metamorphic rocks 17.1 TEXTURES 17.2 NON‐FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS 17.3 NON‐FOLIATED TO FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS 17.4 METAMORPHIC ROCKS WITH FOLIATED TEXTURES 17.5 SHEAR SENSE INDICATORS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

24 Chapter 18: Metamorphic zones, facies, and facies series 18.1 METAMORPHIC ZONES 18.2 METAMORPHIC FACIES 18.3 METAMORPHIC FACIES SERIES 18.4 PHASE RULE, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, AND THREE‐COMPONENT PHASE DIAGRAMS 18.5 METAMORPHIC ROCKS AND PLATE TECTONICS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

25 Chapter 19: Mineral resources and hazards 19.1 ORE MINERALS 19.2 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND ROCKS 19.3 GEMS 19.4 MINERALS AND HEALTH CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

26 Index

27 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Characteristics of oceanic and continental crust: a comparison.

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Major properties of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Table 2.2 Quantum designations of electrons in the 92 naturally occurring e... Table 2.3 Periodic table of the naturally‐occurring elements displaying ato... Table B2.1 Ionization energies for hydrogen through calcium (units in kJ/mo... Table 2.4 Common ionization states for common elements in columns on the pe... Table 2.5 Relationship between radius ratio, coordination number, and coord... Table 2.6 Variations in ionic radius (in angstroms) with coordination numbe... Table 2.7 Mineral classification based on the major anion groups.

3 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 A list of some common terms used in discussing phase diagrams. Table 3.2 The 14‐step radioactive decay sequence that occurs in the convers... Table 3.3 Systematics of radioactive isotopes important in age determinatio...

4 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Five common axes of rotational symmetry in minerals. Table 4.2 The 17 plane lattice groups and the unique combination of point g... Table 4.3 The six crystal systems and 32 crystal classes, with their charac... Table 4.4 Major characteristics of Bravais lattice cells in the major cryst... Table 4.5 The relationships of crystallographic axes and the rules for orie... Table 4.6 Common isometric crystal forms, form indices, form descriptions, ... Table 4.7 Common tetragonal crystal forms, form indices, form descriptions,... Table 4.8 Common hexagonal crystal forms and associated hexagonal and trigo... Table 4.9 Common trigonal crystal forms and associated minerals. Table 4.10 Common crystal forms, form indices, and minerals in the orthorho... Table 4.11 Common crystal forms, form indices, and minerals in the monoclin... Table 4.12 Common crystal forms, form indices, and minerals in the triclini... Table 4.13 Important rock‐forming mineral polymorphs.

5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Crystal Habits of Individual Crystals: Images Source: Equant, fil...Table 5.2 Summary of the habits of crystal aggregates.Table 5.3 Comparison between the Mohs and Knoop hardness scales; the former...Table 5.4 Four major types of luminescence exhibited by minerals.Table 5.5 Different varieties of magnetism exhibited by minerals.Table 5.6 Composition and occurrence of the major varieties of garnet.Table 5.7 Colors and common occurrences of the major varieties of macroscop...Table 5.8 Colors and common occurrences of the major varieties of macroscop...Table 5.9 Macroscopic properties and occurrences of the major potassium fel...Table 5.10 Major varieties of plagioclase by anorthite (An) and albite (Ab)...Table 5.11 Macroscopic properties and common occurrences of significant fel...Table 5.12 Macroscopic properties of common zeolite minerals.

6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Plane light and crossed‐polars properties of some common rock‐for...

7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Magma or igneous rock classification based on weight percent sili...Table 7.2 Generalized description of rock color based on mineral compositio...Table 7.3 Summary of igneous textural names and brief descriptions.Table 7.4 Common fragmental (pyroclastic) textures classified by size and d...Table 7.5 Common oxide compounds and major minerals in igneous rocks.Table 7.6 Silica saturation and key mineral indicators.Table 7.7 Aluminum oxide classification and associated modal minerals.