John O'Brien - Earth Materials

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 (a) Diagram showing temperature and pressure ranges of diagenesi...Figure 15.2 An undeformed cube (above) subjected to uniform stress changes v...Figure 15.3 Common metamorphic rocks. (a) Non‐foliated rocks include marble,...Figure 15.4 Kyanite–andalusite–sillimanite stability fields.Figure 15.5 Photomicrograph of a quartz porphyroblast that has experienced e...Figure 15.6 Meteor Crater Arizona.Figure 15.7 Brittle faulting produces cataclasites and high‐strain rate pseu...Figure 15.8 Cross‐section of contact metamorphism as granite intrudes limest...Figure 15.9 Cross‐section depicting chemical reactions at mid ocean ridges....Figure 15.10 Compressive stress produces foliations typically at a high angl...Figure 15.11 Dynamothermal metamorphism at convergent plate boundaries.

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Force acting on a two‐dimensional plane can be depicted as a vec...Figure 16.2 Three‐dimensional block diagrams illustrating the three main typ...Figure 16.3 (a) Uniform stress in which the three principal stress axes are ...Figure B16.1 Teeter‐totter analogy of: (a) a principal plane oriented perpen...Figure 16.4 Principle stresses directed toward a cube. Note that shear stres...Figure 16.5 (a) Non‐uniform stresses transform a sphere into (b) an ellipsoi...Figure 16.6 Summary diagram of the four types of rock deformation. Figure 16.7 (a) Homogeneous strain in which parallel lines remain parallel, ...Figure 16.8 Photomicrograph of a ~5 mm snowball garnet that has been rotated...Figure 16.9 Illustration depicting X, Y, and Z strain axes. Figure 16.10 The equidimensional cylinder in stage A represents an undeforme...Figure 16.11 Diagram illustrating deformation of: (a) an initially undeforme...Figure B16.2 (a) Illustration of Poisson's ratio in which material “fattenin...Figure 16.12 Elastic behavior is depicted on idealized stress–strain graphs....Figure 16.13 (a) Idealized plastic deformation initiates after a critical st...Figure 16.14 Plastic deformation proceeds through microscopic intracrystalli...Figure 16.15 (a) Quartz pebbles of the Purgatory Conglomerate experienced di...Figure 16.16 Stylolites in a marble slab form by concentration of insoluble ...Figure 16.17 Cobble creep occurs through moderate to high temperature atom a...Figure 16.18 (a) Idealized rock response to stress in which low stress level...Figure 16.19 Brittle–ductile transition within Earth.Figure 16.20 (a) Competence contrast results in both brittle and ductile beh...Figure 16.21 General types of structures produced by brittle and ductile def...Figure 16.22 Block diagrams of (a) two conjugate normal dip‐slip faults, (b)...Figure 16.23 Nonsystematic, random veins in metabasalt, Bou Azzer, Morocco....Figure 16.24 Parallel, regularly spaced systematic veins in competent metaqu...Figure 16.25 En echelon quartz vein array that formed in response to sinistr...Figure 16.26 Systematic, parallel blocky spar quartz and feldspar folded gra...Figure 16.27 Fibrous calcite veins indicating sinistral shear within metavol...Figure 16.28 (a) Major components of folds. (b) Terms used to describe the f...Figure 16.29 Idealized block diagrams illustrating (a) syncline; (b) anticli...Figure 16.30 Development of superposed folds. (a) Initial folding event with...Figure 16.31 Transposed folds in metamorphosed ironstone in which “rootless”...Figure 16.32 Parasitic folds produce Z (clockwise rotation), M (symmetrical ...Figure 16.33 Tectonic mélange displays metabasalt encased within a muddy mat...Figure 16.34 Intense deformation can result in localized melting and the dev...Figure 16.35 Random, linear, and planar fabric elements.Figure 16.36 Note the cleavage and bedding relationships. The axial planar c...Figure 16.37 This figure illustrates: (a) Intersection lineations formed by ...Figure 16.38 Pencil cleavage from slate within the Anti‐Atlas Mountains, Mor...Figure 16.39 Crenulation lineations in phyllite, Newport, Rhode Island.Figure 16.40 Stretching lineations in hornblende in metamorphosed granite, B...Figure 16.41 Slickenlines on exposed portion of the San Andreas Fault, San F...Figure 16.42 Lake Superior ironstones display plunging folds and steeply inc...

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 (a) Photomicrograph of hornfelsic texture with equant crystals s...Figure 17.2 Photomicrograph of granoblastic texture with equant calcite crys...Figure 17.3 The Proterozoic age Baraboo metaquartzite in Wisconsin contains ...Figure 17.4 Alexander Hamilton’s marble grave in Old Trinity Church graveyar...Figure 17.5 Granoblastic skarn containing wollastonite, tremolite, and garne...Figure 17.6 Quartz (monomictic) metabreccia with angular gravel size grains....Figure 17.7 (a) Exposed fault in Trifya Basin, Bou Azzer‐El Graara, Morocco....Figure 17.8 Pseudotachylite formed in a ductile shear zone within leucogabbr...Figure 17.9 (a) Shatter impact cone produced by meteorite impact on limeston...Figure 17.10 Black, glassy, lightweight anthracite coal displaying conchoida...Figure 17.11 Stretched pebble conglomerate in which Purgatory Conglomerate c...Figure 17.12 Green serpentinite.Figure B17.1 Cross section showing possible development of greenstone belts ...Figure 17.13 Dark colored amphibolite derived from mafic protolith.Figure 17.14 Eclogite with red garnet and green omphacite.Figure 17.15 (a) Slate with flat planar cleavage. (b) Dark gray slate with f...Figure 17.16 (a) Photomicrograph depicts dark, phyllosilicate phyllite folia...Figure 17.17 Four varieties of aluminosilicate‐rich schists are displayed: (...Figure 17.18 Hand sample photograph of a garnet schist.Figure 17.19 Gneissic banding defined by white quartz‐feldspar layers and da...Figure 17.20 Augen gneiss with elliptical to lenticular feldspar porphyrobla...Figure 17.21 Contorted migmatites exposed in Rocky Mountain National Park, C...Figure 17.22 Folded, banded ironstones from the Precambrian Lake Superior be...Figure 17.23 (a) Deformed rock displaying protomylonite and ultramylonite la...Figure 17.24 (a) Cross‐section indicating σ grain tail complex in dextral sh...Figure 17.25 (a) Cross section illustrating dextral shear as indicated by a ...Figure 17.26 A set of synthetic fractures, all of which are inclined to the ...Figure 17.27 Outcrop‐scale antithetic en echelon, antithetic fractures in me...Figure 17.28 S‐C structures in a dextral shear zone.Figure 17.29 S‐C structures in Proterozoic mylonitic granite from Colorado. ...Figure 17.30 S‐C structures in phyllosilicate‐rich mylonite. Note the metamo...

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Barrovian zones of metamorphism based on index minerals of Scotl...Figure 18.2 Common metamorphic facies depicted on a temperature and depth/pr...Figure 18.3 Common metapelite and metabasite minerals in greenschist, epidot...Figure 18.4 Generalized cross‐section indicating depressed temperatures in t...Figure 18.5 Eurasian–African view of coesite, diamond, and majorite ultra hi...Figure 18.6 Five metamorphic facies series grouped into three (A–C) trends b...Figure 18.7 Five metamorphic facies series defined by Myashiro (1961) and ot...Figure 18.8 Generalized geologic map of northern Scotland showing Barrovian ...Figure 18.9 Metamorphic facies map of Japan's Sanbagawa belt.Figure 18.10 Metamorphic facies map of California's Franciscan belt.Figure 18.11 Phase rule as applied to the Al 2SiO 5polymorph mineral group.Figure 18.12 Equilibrium assemblage grid for minerals derived from politic p...Figure 18.13 Generalized ternary diagram with X, Y, and Z representing end m...Figure 18.14 ACF ternary diagram for protolith composition where: A = (Al 2O 3Figure 18.15 ACF ternary diagram illustrating approximate chemical compositi...Figure 18.16 A'KF ternary diagram indicating approximate chemical compositio...Figure 18.17 AFM ternary diagram illustrating approximate chemical compositi...Figure 18.18 Ternary CMS diagram illustrating approximate chemical compositi...Figure 18.19 A simplified CMS ternary diagram illustrating common minerals a...Figure 18.20 (a) ACF ternary diagram in which the different chemical composi...Figure 18.21 Ternary diagrams for rocks derived from basites (mafic) and cal...Figure 18.22 Cross‐section view of divergent and convergent plate boundaries...Figure 18.23 Cross‐section illustrating trench, accretionary prism wedge, fo...Figure 18.24 Franciscan mélange with a mixture of blueschist and greenschist...Figure 18.25 Simplified development of an ophiolite by obduction of ocean li...Figure 18.26 Cross section of high‐pressure mineral assemblage within the su...Figure 18.27 Cross‐section showing Mesozoic subduction of ocean crust and de...Figure 18.28 Cross‐section of paired (dual) metamorphic belt at convergent m...Figure 18.29 (a) Map view of pull‐apart basin developing by tension along a ...Figure 18.30 Mesozoic (~100 Ma) convergent margin activity in the western Un...