Barna Szabó - Finite Element Analysis

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Finite Element Analysis: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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Finite Element Analysis <p><b>An updated and comprehensive review of the theoretical foundation of the finite element method</b> <p>The revised and updated second edition of <i>Finite Element Analysis: Method, Verification, and Validation</i> offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical foundations of the finite element method and highlights the fundamentals of solution verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification. Written by noted experts on the topic, the book covers the theoretical fundamentals as well as the algorithmic structure of the finite element method. The text contains numerous examples and helpful exercises that clearly illustrate the techniques and procedures needed for accurate estimation of the quantities of interest. In addition, the authors describe the technical requirements for the formulation and application of design rules. <p>Designed as an accessible resource, the book has a companion website that contains a solutions manual, PowerPoint slides for instructors, and a link to finite element software. This important text: <ul><li>Offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical foundations of the finite element method</li> <li>Puts the focus on the fundamentals of solution verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification</li> <li>Presents the techniques and procedures of quality assurance in numerical solutions of mathematical problems</li> <li>Contains numerous examples and exercises</li></ul> <p>Written for students in mechanical and civil engineering, analysts seeking professional certification, and applied mathematicians, <i>Finite Element Analysis: Method, Verification, and Validation, Second Edition</i> includes the tools, concepts, techniques, and procedures that help with an understanding of finite element analysis.

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Finite Element Analysis - изображение 884

Figure 1.13 The ratio Finite Element Analysis - изображение 885corresponding to the h version, картинка 886.

If we approximate the eigenfunctions using a uniform mesh consisting of 5 elements, and increase the polynomial degrees uniformly then we get the curves shown in Fig. 1.14. The curves show that only about 40% of the numerically computed eigenvalues will be accurate. The error increases monotonically for the higher eigenvalues and the size of the error is virtually independent of p .

It is possible to reduce this error by enforcing the continuity of derivatives. Examples are available in [32]. There is a tradeoff, however: Enforcing continuity of derivatives on the basis functions reduces the number of degrees of freedom but entails a substantial programming burden because an adaptive scheme has to be devised for the general case to ensure that the proper degree of continuity is enforced. If, for example, μ would be a piecewise constant function then the continuity of the first and higher derivatives must not be enforced in those points where μ is discontinuous.

From the perspective of designing a finite element software, it is advantageous to design the software in such a way that it will work well for a broad class of problems. In the formulation presented in this chapter картинка 887continuity is a requirement. Functions that lie in картинка 888where картинка 889are also in картинка 890. In other words, the space Finite Element Analysis - изображение 891is embedded in the space Finite Element Analysis - изображение 892. Symbolically: Finite Element Analysis - изображение 893. The exact eigenfunctions in this example are in Finite Element Analysis - изображение 894.

Finite Element Analysis - изображение 895

Figure 1.14 The ratio Finite Element Analysis - изображение 896corresponding to the p version. Uniform mesh, 5 elements.

Table 1.6 Example: p ‐Convergence of the 24th eigenvalue in Example 1.16.

p 5 10 15 20
ω 24 194.296 100.787 98.312 98.312

Example 1.16 Let us consider the problem in Example 1.15modified so that μ is a piecewise constant function defined on a uniform mesh of 5 elements such that картинка 897on elements 1, 3 and 5, картинка 898on elements 2 and 4. In this case the exact eigenfunctions are not smooth and the exact eigenvalues are not known explicitly.

At картинка 899there are 24 degrees of freedom. Suppose that the 24th eigenvalue is of interest. If we increase p uniformly then this eigenvalue converges to 98.312. The results of computation are shown in Table 1.6.

Any eigenvalue can be approximated to an arbitrary degree of precision on a suitably defined mesh and uniform increase in the degrees of freedom. When κ and/or картинка 900are discontinuous functions then the points of discontinuity must be node points.

Observe that the numerically computed eigenvalues converge monotonically from above. This follows directly from the fact that the eigenfunctions are minimizers of the Rayleigh quotient.

Exercise 1.21Prove eq. (1.143).

Exercise 1.22Find the eigenvalues for the problem of Example 1.15using the generalized formulation and the basis functions Finite Element Analysis - изображение 901, ( Finite Element Analysis - изображение 902). Assume that κ and картинка 903are constants and картинка 904. Let картинка 905. Explain what makes this choice of basis functions very special. Hint: Owing to the orthogonality of the basis functions, only hand calculations are involved.

1.8 Other finite element methods

Up to this point we have been concerned with the finite element method based on the generalized formulation, called the principle of virtual work. There are many other finite element methods. All finite element methods share the following attributes:

1 Formulation. A bilinear form is defined on the normed linear spaces X, Y (i.e. , ) and the functional is defined on Y. The exact solution lies in X and satisfies:(1.151) The normed linear spaces, , the linear functional F and the bilinear form B satisfy the respective properties listed in sections A.1.1and A.1.2.

2 Finite element spaces. The finite‐dimensional subspaces , () are defined and it is assumed that there are such that the sequence of functions ûi () converges in the space X to , that is:(1.152) The functions ûi are not the finite element solutions in general.

3 The finite element solution. The finite element solution satisfies:(1.153)

4 The stability criterion. The finite element method is said to be stable if(1.154) for all possible . The necessary and sufficient condition for a finite element method to be stable is that for every there is a so that(1.155) where is a constant, independent of i, or for every there is a so that this inequality holds. This inequality is known as the Babuška‐Brezzi condition, usually abbreviated to “the BB condition”. This condition was formulated by Babuška in 1971 [9] and independently by Brezzi in 1974 [29].

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