Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials

The Acheson furnace has been used in the graphitization process in which heat treatment exceeding the temperature of 2000 °C is performed to produce the synthetic graphite electrode for steelmaking. The Acheson furnace has been developed in the 1990s and is widely used at present as the graphitization equipment. Adoption of the lengthwise graphitization (LWG) furnace in which the electric current is directly applied to energize a semifinished product (baked product) for graphitization in a short time has been initiated in the 1960s, and at present the LWG furnace stays as mainstream equipment in adoption for the graphitization process of the synthetic graphite electrode.

A baked product exhibits irreversible thermal expansion called the puffing in the graphitization process. A method of decreasing the puffing of needle coke is reported by Mochida et al. as follows [8]:

1 1. Reducing the contaminant atoms sulfur and nitrogen in the coke feed or coke.

2 2. Modifying pore distribution in the coke.

3 3. Changing the heating programs used in calcination and graphitization to control the evolution of contaminant gases.

4 4. Trapping the heteroatoms or modifying the time of their evolution (accelerating or delaying.

Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Ltd. (at present, Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical Co., Ltd.) has developed in the 2000s pitch needle coke with reduced puffing, and it is widely used.

In China where production of PC is grown, a similar process to remove the QI fraction is developed, and the production of the aggregate for the synthetic graphite electrode in electric arc furnace steelmaking is grown. An annual production volume of PC including needle PC with the grade lower than the regular grade is estimated to be approximately 500 000 t.

Typical properties of PC used as the aggregate in various applications are given in Table 6.1.3.6.

The CAS number relevant to PC is 94113‐91‐4, and it contains little metal impurities, and the VM is low so that there is no report specific to the environmental impacts and safety of PC.

In the publication in 2010 based on the report of the PreSIEF, PC is exempted by European Chemical Agency (ECHA) from registration in REACH.

Table 6.1.3.6 Physical properties of pitch coke.

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