Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Evaluation and Control

1 Cover

2 Title Page Patty's Industrial Hygiene Seventh Edition Volume 2 Evaluation and Control Edited by BARBARA COHRSSEN MS, CIH, FAIHA, MLS San Francisco, CA, USA

3 Copyright

4 Contributors

5 PREFACE

6 USEFUL EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

7 Part III: CHEMICAL EXPOSURE EVALUATION BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF EXPOSURE TO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 3 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING STRATEGY 4 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING PRACTICAL APPROACH 5 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR METALS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 6 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 7 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF EXPOSURES TO MIXTURES 8 TRENDS AND CONCLUSIONS Bibliography REAL‐TIME ASSESSMENT OF AIR CONTAMINANTS USING VIDEO EXPOSURE MONITORING (VEM) METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 3 DESCRIPTION OF OCCUPATIONAL VIDEO EXPOSURE MONITORING 4 SELECTED DIRECT‐READING INSTRUMENTS 5 WIRELESS DATA COMMUNICATIONS 6 VIDEO EQUIPMENT 7 RASPBERRY P – DISRUPTOR INNOVATION FOR VEM 8 MIXING SOFTWARE/INSTRUMENT 9 DATA INTERPRETATION 10 DISCUSSION 11 FOUR CASE STUDIES 12 SUMMARY 13 FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF VEM ACKNOWLEDGMENT Bibliography COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DESIGNING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEMS 3 CT ALGORITHMS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE APPLICATION 4 SIMULATION STUDIES OF RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS 5 ORS GEOMETRIES FOR CT IMAGING OF CHEMICALS IN AIR 6 FIELD STUDIES 7 BACKGROUND OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING INSTRUMENTATION 8 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bibliography MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CHEMICAL EMISSION RATE FUNCTIONS 3 DISPERSION PATTERNS AND WORKER (RECEPTOR) LOCATION 4 SPECIFIC MODELS 5 THE MARKOV CHAIN METHOD 6 MODELING TURBULENT EDDY DIFFUSION AND ADVECTION 7 IMPLEMENTATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MICROSOFT EXCEL 8 MODEL VALIDATION 9 ADDITIONAL MODELS AND RESOURCES 10 MODEL SELECTION Bibliography SENSORS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) SENSORS 3 GAS SENSORS 4 PHYSICAL AGENTS 5 APPROACHES FOR SENSOR USE 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS References

8 Part IV: CHEMICAL EXPOSURE CONTROL CHARACTERIZING AIR CONTAMINANT EMISSION SOURCES 1 THE EMISSION INVENTORY 2 ELEMENTS OF THE EMISSION INVENTORY 3 QUANTIFYING EMISSIONS 4 EMISSION ESTIMATES FROM PLANT AND COMPANY RECORDS AND REPORTS 5 USE OF THE EMISSION INVENTORY Bibliography ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS: HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY APPROACHES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 ENGINEERING CONTROL TYPES 3 ENGINEERING CONTROL STRATEGIES 4 STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES Bibliography INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND PHYSICAL RELATIONSHIPS 3 LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION 4 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DESIGN OF NEW LEV SYSTEMS 5 DILUTION VENTILATION 6 TESTING AND MONITORING 7 MAKEUP AIR AND RECIRCULATION OF EXHAUST AIR References Further Reading RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 1 HISTORICAL REVIEW 2 RESPIRATOR PERFORMANCE 3 RESPIRATOR CLASSIFICATION 4 RESPIRATOR SELECTION AND USE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bibliography CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING 1 INTRODUCTION 2 BARRIERS USED IN CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING 3 CHEMICALS USED FOR EVALUATING CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING 4 CLASSIFICATION FOR CHEMICALS 5 STANDARDS FOR CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING GLOSSARY CONTROL BANDING: BACKGROUND, EVOLUTION, AND APPLICATION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PART I: ESTABLISHING THE BASIS FOR CONTROL BANDING APPROACHES 3 PART II: HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CONTROL BANDING 4 PART III: VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION OF CB STRATEGIES 5 PART IV: CB EVALUATION AND THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE 6 PART V: PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF CB APPLICATION FOR THE NEW IH 7 PART VI: DISCUSSION 8 PART VII: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bibliography OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LAW 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE FEDERAL OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 2 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT 3 EMPLOYER DUTIES UNDER THE OSH ACT 4 CHALLENGING A STANDARD AFTER PROMULGATION 5 ENFORCEMENT OF THE OSH ACT 6 CONTESTATION PROCEEDINGS 7 RIGHTS OF EMPLOYEES AND THEIR REPRESENTATIVES UNDER THE OSH ACT 8 VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE PROGRAMS 9 REGULATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH BY THE STATES 10 REGULATION OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH BY OTHER FEDERAL STATUTES 11 FUTURE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LAW ENDNOTES Bibliography

9 Index

10 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2TABLE 1 Summary of descriptive statistics for each study phase of nitrous oxide ...TABLE 2 Summary of the results of radiation exposure to the hands in two trials ...TABLE 3 Observations of ergonomic risk factors.TABLE 4 Ergonomic findings and recommendations.

2 Chapter 7TABLE 2 Specialists participating in risk assessment of new chemical manufact...TABLE 3 Environmental control approaches.TABLE 4 Examples of material replacement from EPA WRITE program.TABLE 5 Step model for the substitution process.TABLE 6 Categories for a corporate toxic use reduction program.TABLE 7 Characteristics of historic generic solvent categories.TABLE 8 Dust‐controlled forms of rubber production chemicals: comparative per...TABLE 9 Task‐oriented air sampling.TABLE 10 Examples of process change technology from EPA WRITE program.

3 Chapter 8TABLE 2 Major industrial activities covered by OSHA standards which include v...TABLE 3 Ventilation control hierarchy.TABLE 4 Application of local exhaust and general exhaust ventilation.

4 Chapter 9TABLE 2 Assigned protection factors. aTABLE 3 Description of filter classes and key test parameter for filters cert...TABLE 4 Bench test requirements for NIOSH‐certified gas and vapor cartridges ...TABLE 5 Selection options for escape respirators.

5 Chapter 10TABLE 2 Chemical protective clothing.aTABLE 3 Chemicals for evaluating of chemical protective clothing according to...TABLE 4 Barrier materials and manufacturers. Selection recommendations for ch...TABLE 5 Chemical classes and subclasses.

6 Chapter 11TABLE 2 Selected criteria for assignment of dust to OEBs.TABLE 3 Occupational exposure bands.TABLE 4 Allocation of R‐phrases and H‐statements to hazard bands.

1 Chapter 1 FIGURE 7 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of che...

2 Chapter 2FIGURE 1 (a) Screen shot of drum scooping task: drum is full of powder at th...FIGURE 2 Work tasks: scooping, weighing, turning (to put filled bag in recei...FIGURE 3 (a) Based on VEM results showing scooping task after bag 30 signifi...FIGURE 4 Workplace exposure factors. A: Task‐related exposures, B: incidenta...FIGURE 5 Schema of occupational video exposure monitoring.FIGURE 6 Radio telemetry diagram.FIGURE 7 PIMEX–PC computer interface.FIGURE 8 FINN–PIMEX computer interface.FIGURE 9 PIMEX–HSL computer interface.FIGURE 10 MVTA computer interface.FIGURE 11 Screenshot of NIOSH EVADE website showing video and sensor data du...FIGURE 12 Process tank with sealed manway.FIGURE 13 Ventilated manway charging adapter.FIGURE 14 Diagram of ventilated manway adapter retrofit (postcontrol).FIGURE 15 System 1 (Safe Sedate Dental Nasal Mask™).FIGURE 16 Typical setup for System 1.FIGURE 17 System 2 (PORTER™) design.FIGURE 18 Example of camera setup.FIGURE 19 Typical image of nitrous oxide (shown by circles) from infrared ca...FIGURE 20 Typical equipment found in a nuclear pharmacy lab: L‐block. Vials ...FIGURE 21 Advanced extremity gamma instrumentation system. (a) Computer wi...FIGURE 22 Cumulative dose for two students: Trial 1: Student 1 of height ∼ 6...FIGURE 23 Instantaneous dose rate in μSv/h for shorter individual (∼64 in....FIGURE 24 Instantaneous dose rate in μSv/h for taller individual (∼72 in.)...FIGURE 25 Raspberry Pi with touchscreen. Front view –software opening VEM pr...FIGURE 26 Raspberry Pi with touchscreen set for recording video and sensor...FIGURE 27 VEM set up for video, sensor, and heart rate collection using the ...FIGURE 28 VEM set up for video, sensor, and heart rate collection using the ...FIGURE 29 Screenshot of VEM playback program showing heart rate and carbon d...FIGURE 30 Raspberry Pi zero with carbon dioxide (CO 2) sensor‐attached DJI dr...