Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Hazard Recognition

1 Cover

2 Title Page Patty's Industrial Hygiene Seventh Edition Volume 1 Hazard Recognition Edited by BARBARA COHRSSEN MS, CIH, FAIHA, MLS San Francisco, CA, USA

3 Copyright

4 CONTRIBUTORS

5 PREFACE

6 USEFUL EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

7 Part I: INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AS A PROFESSION: YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW 1 INTRODUCTION: THE RATIONALE FOR INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PRACTICE 2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND EVOLUTION OF THE RATIONALE OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PRACTICE 3 CURRENT STATUS OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 4 IMPORTANT CURRENT AND EMERGING TOPICS IN THE PRACTICE OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 5 Industrial Hygiene Today: Currently Defining Occupational and Industrial Hygiene 6 CONCLUSIONS Bibliography Note ETHICS IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1 DEFINING ETHICAL BEHAVIOR 2 BUSINESS ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 3 FACTORS INFLUENCING ETHICAL MISCONDUCT 4 APPROACHES TO ETHICAL DECISION MAKING 5 BUSINESS CASE FOR EHS ETHICS 6 ETHICAL GUIDANCE STATEMENTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL PROFESSIONS 7 CASE STUDIES: IH ETHICAL DILEMMAS ENDNOTES Bibliography PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FATALITIES AND UNSAFE DESIGN 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PD 4 PD AND SYSTEM SAFETY 5 Z590.3 PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN 6 PD IN CONSTRUCTION 7 PD ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT METHODS 8 PERFORMING DESIGN SAFETY REVIEWS 9 PD CASE STUDY 10 THE BUSINESS CASE 11 CONCLUSION Bibliography RISK COMMUNICATION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EHS ROLES IN RISK COMMUNICATION 3 MODELS AS RISK COMMUNICATION 4 CONTROL BANDING AS RISK COMMUNICATION 5 MULTIDISCIPLINARY RISK COMMUNICATION 6 RISK COMMUNICATION WITH WORKERS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ONLINE RESOURCES Bibliography HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 HISTORY OF RISK 3 RISK ASSESSMENT 4 HAZARD AND EXPOSURE ANALYSIS 5 RISK PROFILING 6 MANAGING RISK 7 REACTION TO RISK 8 RESOURCES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES DECISION MAKING IN MANAGING RISK 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DECISION SCIENCE 3 DEVELOPING A RICHER VOCABULARY 4 THE HUMAN OPERATING SYSTEM'S IN DECISION MAKING 5 EVOLUTION IN RISK THINKING 6 DECISION‐MAKING CURRENCY 7 STRUCTURED DECISION MAKING 8 ORGANIZATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS 9 IMPROVING DECISION MAKING 10 THE ART AND SCIENCE OF DECISION MAKING Bibliography Further Reading MANAGING WORKPLACE DEMOGRAPHICS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 WORKFORCE DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES 3 ALTERNATIVE WORK ARRANGEMENTS 4 CONCLUSION Endnotes Bibliography MASTERING DIGITAL MEDIA FOR WORKERS, EMPLOYERS, AND OUR COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE AMPLIFYING SOCIAL EFFECT OF SMARTPHONES 3 SOCIAL MEDIA IS DISRUPTIVE 4 THE GLOBAL USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA 5 MOTIVATIONS FOR USING SOCIAL MEDIA 6 USING DIGITAL PLATFORMS TO SEARCH FOR HEALTH INFORMATION 7 GLOBAL USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BY ORGANIZATIONAL AUTHORITIES 8 THE THEORY AND USE OF THE SOCIAL MEDIA ENGAGEMENT “FUNNEL” 9 THE SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS 10 THE PROMISING DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL MEDIA HEALTH APPLICATIONS (APPS) 11 CONCLUSION – PERILS AND PROMISE Bibliography General References

8 Part II: CHEMICAL AGENTS THE HISTORY AND BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR CHEMICAL AGENTS 1 HISTORY 2 DEFINITION OF THE ACGIH TLVs ® 3 UNCERTAINTY FACTORS USED TO DERIVE OELs 4 SETTING LIMITS FOR SYSTEMIC TOXICANTS 5 DO THE TLV PROTECT ENOUGH WORKERS? 6 CORPORATE OELs 7 MODELS FOR ADJUSTING OELs 8 OELs OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES 9 THE FUTURE OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS Bibliography Further Reading THE MODE OF ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND ELIMINATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PORTALS OF ENTRY AND ABSORPTION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS 3 ENTRY INTO THE CELL 4 TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF XENOBIOTICS 5 TOXICANT DISTRIBUTION TO AND DEPOSITION IN ORGANS AND TISSUES 6 METABOLIC TRANSFORMATION OF XENOBIOTICS 7 ELIMINATION AND EXCRETION OF XENOBIOTICS Bibliography SYMPTOMATIC RESPONSES TO LOW‐LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DEFINITION(S) 3 CASE EXAMPLES 4 EPIDEMIOLOGY 5 RISK FACTORS AND COMORBIDITIES 6 NATURAL HISTORY 7 PATHOGENESIS 8 CLINICAL EVALUATION 9 DIAGNOSTIC TESTING 10 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 11 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT 12 CONCLUSION Bibliography BASIC AEROSOL SCIENCE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AEROSOLS 3 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS 4 STOKES LAW AND NEWTON'S RESISTANCE LAW 5 PARTICLE MOTION 6 ISOKINETIC SAMPLING 7 IMPACTORS 8 RESPIRABLE SAMPLING 9 BROWNIAN MOTION AND DIFFUSION 10 CONDENSATION AND EVAPORATION 11 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF AEROSOLS 12 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AEROSOLS 13 COAGULATION Bibliography PULMONARY EFFECTS OF INHALED MINERAL DUSTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PULMONARY ANATOMY 3 LUNG DEFENSES 4 PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY 5 ASSESSMENT OF THE LUNGS 6 INFLAMMATORY AND FIBROTIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG 7 MINERAL DUST‐INDUCED LUNG DISEASE Bibliography Further Reading ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 3 HEALTH EFFECTS, SAFETY HAZARDS, AND REGULATION 4 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE STRATEGY FOR ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS 5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK References GASES AND VAPORS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1 INTRODUCTION 2 MAJOR IRRITANTS 3 LESS IMMEDIATELY TOXIC IRRITANTS 4 ASPHYXIANTS 5 WORK‐RELATED AIRWAY DISEASES 6 OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA WITHOUT LATENCY: IRRITANT‐INDUCED ASTHMA/RADS 7 WORK‐EXACERBATED ASTHMA 8 GASES AND VAPORS CAUSING UPPER AIRWAY EFFECTS 9 IMMEDIATE IRRITANT RESPONSE 10 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE/CHRONIC AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION 11 BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS 12 GASES AND VAPORS THAT ARE CARCINOGENS 13 GASES CAUSING MASS CASUALTIES 14 SUMMARY Bibliography General Reference DERMAL EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 3 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SKIN 4 CHEMICAL INDUCED DERMATOSES 5 SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF DERMAL EXPOSURE 6 APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS 7 ASSESSMENT OF DERMAL EXPOSURE 8 PREVENTION 9 IMPLICATIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE 10 CONCLUSION Bibliography Further Reading ANALYTICAL METHODS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 3 SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ANALYTICAL METHODS 4 FUTURE TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CHEMISTRY 5 METHOD SELECTION 6 METHOD PERFORMANCE 7 SAMPLING MEDIA TYPES 8 METHODS REQUIRING SPECIAL HANDLING 9 SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bibliography

9 Index

10 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 3 Table 2 System safety tenets and prevention through design alignment (1). Table 3 Listed methods from ISO 31010, ANSI Z590.3, and ANSI Z10. Table 4 Design safety specifications example (1). Table 5 Severity levels. Table 6 Likelihood levels. Table 7 Risk levels.

2 Chapter 5Table 2 Exposure ratings associated with OEL exposure bands (54). Table 3 Health effect rating (54). Table 4 Exposure control strategy (55). Table 5 Exposure metrics. Table 6 Skewness of a log‐normal distribution (61). Table 7 Consequence levels. Table 8 Probability levels (1–5). Table 9 Chronic exposures – task or short‐term exposures. Adjustment for freque ...

3 Chapter 6Table 1 Normative versus observed decision processes. Table 2 Properties of System 1 and 2. TABLE 3 The eight‐step process of successful change.

4 Chapter 8Table 1 What is social media marketing? Table 2 The Global Digital Landscape (2015) (22). Table 3 The top 10 reasons for using social media. Table 4 Governmental social media use in workplace‐focused health and safety agen ...Table 5 Awareness metrics. Table 6 Engagement metrics (medium). Table 7 Engagement metrics (high). Table 8 Conversion metrics. Table 9 Social media platform site summary use inventory. Table 10 Environmental, health, and safety apps helpful to workers identified b ...Table 11 Number of digital health apps developed during 2013–2017 (51). ...

5 Chapter 9TABLE 1 Distribution of procedures used to develop ACGIH TLVs for 414 substan...TABLE 2 Distribution of criteria used to develop ACGIH TLVs for 414 substance...TABLE 3 Occupational exposure limits for selected high volume organic acids a...TABLE 4 Estimated steady‐state adipose tissue concentration of chemicals foll...TABLE 5 Model‐derived estimates of lifetime risks of death from cancer per 10...TABLE 6 Possible combinations of threshold limits when applying the additive ...TABLE 7 Data often used in developing an occupational exposure limit.TABLE 8 Some examples of PB‐PK models for toxic substances a that are availabl...