Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Physical and Biological Agents

1 Cover

2 Patty's Industrial Hygiene Patty's Industrial Hygiene Seventh Edition Volume 3 Physical and Biological Agents Edited by BARBARA COHRSSEN MS, CIH, FAIHA, MLS San Francisco, CA, USA

3 Copyright

4 Contributors

5 Preface

6 Useful Equivalents and Conversion Factors

7 Part V: Physical Agents IONIZING RADIATION INTRODUCTION 2 SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION 3 BASIC PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 4 PARTICLE RADIATION 5 DOSIMETRY 6 RADIATION BIOEFFECTS 7 SAFETY STANDARDS 8 PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION SAFETY 9 SAFETY ASSESSMENT 10 PARTICLE COUNTING INSTRUMENTS 11 DOSE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 12 RADIATION SAFETY SURVEYS 13 ASSESSMENT OF INTERNAL RADIOACTIVITY 14 CONCLUSIONS Bibliography General References NONIONIZING RADIATION: LASERS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 WHY IS A LASER HAZARDOUS? SPECIAL PROPERTIES 3 INSIDE THE BLACK BOX – HOW THE LASER OPERATES 4 HAZARD EVALUATION MEASUREMENTS AND CLASSIFICATION 5 LASER SYSTEM CONTROL 6 LASER BEAM MEASUREMENTS 7 LASER EYE PROTECTION 8 LASER BARRIERS 9 CONCLUSIONS Bibliography NONIONIZING RADIATION: BROADBAND OPTICAL * 1 INTRODUCTION 2 BASIC PHYSICS OF OPTICAL RADIATION 3 SOURCES OF BROADBAND OPTICAL RADIATION 4 ASSESSMENT OF OPTICAL RADIATION HAZARDS 5 OPTICAL RADIATION CONTROL PRINCIPLES 6 BROADBAND OPTICAL RADIATION IN SPECIFIC PROCESSES Bibliography General Reference Note RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 QUANTITIES AND UNITS 3 COUPLING OF RF ENERGY INTO THE BODY 4 SOURCES OF STRONG RF FIELDS IN THE WORKPLACE 5 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RF EXPOSURE 6 EXPOSURE LIMITS 7 COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT 8 CONTROL MEASURES 9 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 10 RF SAFETY PROGRAM 11 SUMMARY APPENDIX Bibliography NONIONIZING RADIATION: EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY 1 BACKGROUND 2 LIMITS AND GUIDELINES 3 EFFECTS ON HUMANS 4 MEASUREMENT 5 CONTROLS Bibliography NOISE AND HEARING CONSERVATION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PHYSICS OF SOUND 3 THE EAR 4 HEARING MEASUREMENT 5 NOISE MEASUREMENT 6 ASSESSMENT OF NOISE EXPOSURE 7 NOISE CONTROL TECHNIQUES 8 HEARING PROTECTORS 9 HEARING CONSERVATION PROGRAMS ACKNOWLEDGMENT Bibliography PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ALTERED BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PRESSURIZED ENVIRONMENTS 3 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMPRESSION AND PRESSURIZED GASES 4 DECOMPRESSION FROM PRESSURIZED ENVIRONMENTS 5 RECOMPRESSION AND HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY 6 FITNESS TO DIVE 7 ALTITUDE EXPOSURE Bibliography HAND‐ARM VIBRATION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SOURCES OF HAND‐ARM VIBRATION 3 EFFECTS ON HEALTH 4 EVALUATION OF HAV EXPOSURE 5 EVALUATION OF MACHINE VIBRATION EMISSION 6 DOSE–RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS 7 LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT ASSESSMENT METHODS 8 RISK ASSESSMENT IN PRACTICE 9 CONTROL OF RISK FROM HAND‐ARM VIBRATION 10 HEALTH SURVEILLANCE 11 LEGISLATION, EXPOSURE LIMITS, AND ACTION LEVELS 12 CONCLUDING REMARKS Bibliography COLD STRESS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 3 BODY TEMPERATURES 4 COLD WORK 5 COLD AND HUMAN HEAT BALANCE 6 RISK ASSESSMENT 7 PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR ALLEVIATION OF COLD STRESS Bibliography HEAT STRESS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE WORKER AND THE ENVIRONMENT 3 PHYSIOLOGY OF HEAT STRESS 4 MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT 5 ASSESSMENT OF HEAT STRESS AND STRAIN 6 ENGINEERING CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS 7 ADMINISTRATIVE METHODS OF CONTROL FOR HEAT STRESS EXPOSURES 8 PERSONAL PROTECTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF HEAT STRESS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bibliography OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS 3 ERGONOMIC RISK FACTOR EVALUATIONS 4 ERGONOMIC CONTROLS AND INTERVENTIONS 5 ERGONOMIC RISK FACTOR PREVENTION 6 OTHER AREAS OF CONSIDERATION Bibliography ROBOTICS IN THE WORKPLACE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CATEGORIES OF ROBOTS 3 ROBOT RISK ANALYSIS 4 RISK MANAGEMENT 5 ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS FOR RISK REDUCTION 6 SUMMARY Bibliography Note

8 Part VI: Biological Agents OCCUPATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL BIOHAZARDS – EXPOSURE, DETECTION, AND DISEASE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF MICROBIAL BIOAEROSOLS 3 SOURCES AND AERODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF BIOAEROSOLS 4 TRANSMISSION, INFECTION, AND DISEASE 5 CONTRIBUTING ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS 6 THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF BIOAEROSOLS IN THE WORKPLACE 7 SAMPLING AND IDENTIFYING AIRBORNE MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS 8 ASSESSMENT OF RISK 9 SUMMARY Bibliography CONTROL OF BIOHAZARDS 1 HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR BIOHAZARDS 2 CONTAINMENT OF BIOHAZARDS IN THE LABORATORY 3 REGULATIONS 4 SUMMARY Bibliography AIRBORNE AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1 AIRBORNE INFECTIONS 2 HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS 3 MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS 4 OCCUPATIONAL TB 5 NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA 6 LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE 7 VIRAL INFECTIONS 8 OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS 9 OUTDOOR EXPOSURES 10 LABORATORY EXPOSURES 11 SARS AND MERS 12 POTENTIAL AGENTS OF BIOTERRORISM 13 IMMUNOCOMPROMISED WORKERS 14 EMERGING AND REEMERGING PATHOGENS Bibliography

9 Index

10 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 TABLE 1 Values for the quality factor, Q , and the radiation weighting factor, w R. TABLE 2 Values for tissue weighting factors, w T. TABLE 3 Threshold doses for some clinically harmful deterministic effects. TABLE 4 Detector selection for particle counting and contamination control. TABLE 5 Advantages and disadvantages of common dosimeters.

2 Chapter 2 TABLE 1 Simplified summary of laser hazard classification. a

3 Chapter 3 TABLE 1 Radiometric and photometric terms and units. TABLE 2 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Risk Group classificati...

4 Chapter 4 TABLE 1 Nomenclature of band designations for the radiofrequency spectrum. TABLE 2 High powered RF sources with potential for significant occupational expos... TABLE 3 Quantities used in hazard evaluation. TABLE 4 IEEE family of standards related to RF safety.

5 Chapter 5TABLE 1 Typical residential ELF fields. TABLE 2 Typical occupational sources of ELF fields. TABLE 3 The International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection, the Ins...TABLE 4 IEEE maximum permissible exposure limits (C95.6, standard for safety leve...TABLE 5 ICNIRP maximum permissible exposure limits (Guidelines for Limiting Expos...TABLE 6 The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) rating categories ...

6 Chapter 6TABLE 1 Relation between sound pressure and sound pressure level. TABLE 2 Table for combining decibel levels of sounds with random frequency charac...TABLE 3 Relative response as a function of frequency for A‐ and C‐Weighting....TABLE 4 Center and cut‐off frequencies for full octave and one‐third octave bands...

7 Chapter 7TABLE 1 Units of equivalent pressure. TABLE 2 Special gas laws. TABLE 3 Common signs and symptoms of CNS oxygen toxicity. TABLE 4 Thermal comfort zone for hyperbaric helium. TABLE 5 Clinical manifestations of decompression illness. TABLE 6 Common causes of aseptic bone necrosis. TABLE 7 Radiographic classification of aseptic bone necrosis. TABLE 8 Current OSHA diving categories. TABLE 9 Medical conditions that may restrict exposure to hyperbaric conditions....TABLE 10 Altitude designations and their major effects on the body.

8 Chapter 8TABLE 1 The Stockholm Workshop scale for the severity of hand‐arm vibration syndr...TABLE 2 Ready reckoner for daily vibration exposures (exposure points). TABLE 3 Examples of sources of measurement uncertainty. TABLE 4 The number of years of vibration exposure at a given daily exposure A(8) ...TABLE 5 Established alternative processes to avoid/reduce use of vibrating equipm...TABLE 6 Summary of the essential health and safety requirements relevant to risks...

9 Chapter 9TABLE 1 Air temperature of various cold environments with human occupancy. TABLE 2 Estimated gross effects on manual performance at different levels of hand...TABLE 3 Human responses to heating and cooling. TABLE 4 Examples of metabolic energy production associated with different types o...TABLE 5 List of symbols, factors, and units. TABLE 6 Basic insulation values (Icl) of selected garment ensembles measured with...TABLE 7 Example of conditions to be observed and assessed during the inspection f...TABLE 8 List of standards applicable to the assessment of cold environments. TABLE 9 Suggested criteria for evaluation of strain as presented in ISO standards...TABLE 10 Wind chill temperature for combinations of wind and air.