Self-Healing Smart Materials

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Scrivener Publishing

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Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ( martin@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Phillip Carmical ( pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Edited by

Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula and Tariq Altalhi

This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-71015-8

Cover image: Pixabay.Com

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

There is apprehension about the undesirable material damage caused in devices by breakage, operational fatigue, volume change, abrasion, shape deformation, and cutting eventually formed during practical usage and degradation over time, resulting in deterioration of device properties. This mechanical damage of devices will reduce their reliability and shorten their lifespan. Thus, the development of suitable materials with self-healing, electrical and ionic properties to overcome the damage is very much the need of the hour. Self-healing smart materials (SHSMs) are one of the smart materials that can automatically restore some or all of a devices’ functions after suffering external mechanical damage or harsh environments. In particular, because of their wide-ranging practical applications, SHSMs are having a significant impact in industry due to the self-healing capabilities of the material, which can expand the service life, operational life, longevity, and reliability of the devices; and also reduce waste, thereby conserving resources. The advancement of wearable electronic devices which use self-activating and self-adjusting systems are promising for enhancing operational safety and lifespan. Moreover, the use of SHSMs in manufacturing devices is an excellent choice to re-establish electrical and mechanical properties in case of a mechanical failure. Hence, an understanding about “self-healable technology” and all its related concepts is very essential for modern industries and research communities since these SHSMs and their composites are having a great impact on modern wearable applications in energy and environmental science.

This book describes the design, synthesis, mechanisms, characterization, fundamental properties, functions and development of SHSMs and their composites with their associated applications. It covers cementitious concrete composites, bleeding composites, elastomers, tires, membranes, and composites in energy storage, coatings, shape-memory, aerospace and robotic applications. This book is a result of the commitment of top researchers in the field with various backgrounds and expertise. Its target audience includes materials scientists, polymer industrialists, researchers, members of R&D in wearable electronics; as well as university professors, postgraduate students and academics who are working and studying in the fields of polymers, chemical technology, biology, advanced electronics, polymer engineering, aeronautical engineering. mechanical engineering, biomedicine, advanced sciences, materials sciences, flexible energy storage, and renewable energy. A summary of the information covered in the 21 chapters is given below.

Chapter 1describes the most recent and relevant advances in the development of self-healable polymer coatings, both extrinsic (those using external healing agents) and intrinsic. Implementation of new strategies, like remote activation of the healing process, as well as the perspectives and challenges for these innovative materials, are also discussed.

Chapter 2overviews the current progress on the synthesis of benzoxazine-based materials for self-healing and shape-memory applications. The advantages and drawbacks of these materials are also discussed. Many examples are provided regarding the design flexibility of benzoxazine chemistry and its vast potential in designing smart materials.

Chapter 3introduces the characteristics of self-healing in elastomers and techniques for characterization of healing ability. It also reviews self-healing in particular cases of different elastomer matrices such as natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), bromobutyl rubber (BIIR), silicones and polyurethane (PU).

Chapter 4discusses various promising strategies for fabricating self-healable rubber as well as methods to improve the self-recovery properties of the rubber. In addition to that, the chapter also focuses on natural rubber modification with self-healing properties, as it has become the most critical component in manufacturing self-healable tires.

Chapter 5outlines the self-healing methods for concrete composites in general, and details about bacterial-aided, self-healing in particular. The different mechanisms of bacterial self-healing and the factors influencing it are discussed. Strategies to enhance the performance of the healing, as well as methods employed for testing are also included.