Jing-Feng Li - Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials

1 Cover

2 Title Page Lead‐free Piezoelectric Materials Jing‐Feng Li

3 Copyright Page Author Jing‐Feng Li Tsinghua University Materials Science and Engineering No. 30 Shuangqing Road Haidian District 100084 Beijing China Cover Image: © Coffeemill/Shutterstock All books published by Wiley‐VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing‐in‐Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at < http://dnb.d‐nb.de >. © 2021 WILEY‐VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Print ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐34512‐0 ePDF ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81707‐8 ePub ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81705‐4 oBook ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81704‐7

4 About the Author

5 Foreword by Professor Longtu Li

6 Foreword by Professor Jürgen Rödel

7 Preface

8 1 Fundamentals of Piezoelectricity1.1 Introduction 1.2 Piezoelectric Effects and Related Equations 1.3 Ferroelectric Properties and Its Contribution to Piezoelectricity 1.4 Piezoelectric Parameters 1.5 Issues for Measuring Piezoelectric Properties References

9 2 High‐Performance Lead‐Free Piezoelectrics2.1 Introduction 2.2 BaTiO 3 2.3 (K,Na)NbO 3 2.4 (Bi 1/2Na 1/2)TiO 3 2.5 BiFeO 3 2.6 Summary References

10 3 (K,Na)NbO 3System3.1 Introduction of (K,Na)NbO 3 3.2 Synthesis 3.3 Approaches to Piezoelectricity Enhancement 3.4 Fatigue and Mechanical Properties 3.5 KNN Thin Films 3.6 Single Crystals 3.7 Summary References

11 4 (Bi 1/2Na 1/2)TiO 3System4.1 Introduction of BNT System 4.2 Extensive Research on Phase Diagram of (Bi 1/2Na 1/2)TiO 3–BaTiO 3System 4.3 High Converse Piezoelectricity 4.4 Thin Films 4.5 Single Crystals 4.6 High‐Power Application 4.7 Summary and Outlook References

12 5 BaTiO 3System5.1 Brief Introduction of History 5.2 BaTiO 3‐Based Ceramics and Single Crystals 5.3 BaTiO 3‐Based Solid Solution Ceramics 5.4 Piezoelectricity Enhancement 5.5 Key Issues of Sintering Processes 5.6 Mechanical Property 5.7 Summary and Outlook References

13 6 BiFeO 3System6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brief Introduction to Multiferroic Materials 6.3 Multiferroicity of BiFeO 3 6.4 Phase Diagram of BiFeO 3 6.5 Dielectric Permittivity, Electrical Conductivity, and Domain Wall Conductivity of BiFeO 3 6.6 Ion Substitutions in BiFeO 3 6.7 BiFeO 3‐Based Solid Solutions 6.8 Application of BiFeO 3: Potentials and Status 6.9 Summary References

14 7 Applications7.1 Introduction 7.2 Representative Applications of Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramics 7.3 Other Potential Applications 7.4 Summary and Outlooks References

15 Index

16 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Piezoelectric constants.

2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Effects of dopants on phase transition temperatures.Table 3.2 Select compositions of R–T phase transition and their properties.Table 3.3 The electronegativity and bonding fraction with oxygen of commonly ...

3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Room‐temperature S Eand large‐signal of some representative compos...Table 4.2 Representative BNT‐based solid solutions with high T dand large d 33....

4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Piezoelectric property of the (Ba 0.85Ca 0.15)(Ti 0.90Zr 0.10)O 3and (B...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Lattice parameters of the substrates commonly used for epitaxial Bi...

6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Electrical properties of KNN‐based and BNT‐based lead‐free MLAs wit...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 (a) The direct piezoelectric effect provides an electric charge u... Figure 1.2 The relationship among dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, a... Figure 1.3 Polarization vs. electric field hysteresis loop in ferroelectric ... Figure 1.4 The schematic illustrations showing the alignment of ferroelectri... Figure 1.5 Schematic illustration of the components in the force loading sys... Figure 1.6 Schematic diagram of Michelson interferometer for the measurement... Figure 1.7 Establishing the complete set of material coefficients defined by...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Phase diagram of the PbZrO 3–PbTiO 3system. Note that there are re... Figure 2.2 Change in relative dielectric constants of BaTiO 3ceramics as a f... Figure 2.3 Charge‐density distributions on (a) the (010) plane (Ba–O plane),... Figure 2.4 Phase diagram of KNbO 3–NaNbO 3system. Figure 2.5 (a) Phase diagram of of (Bi 1/2Na 1/2)TiO 3–BaTiO 3proposed by Taken... Figure 2.6 Crystalline structure of BiFeO 3.

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 The illustration of difference crystal structures of KNN. Figure 3.2 The illustration for KNN of the orthorhombic structure at room te... Figure 3.3 The annual top 20% piezoelectric coefficient of KNN‐based piezoel... Figure 3.4 Common preparation procedure of KNN‐based ceramics on a laborator...Figure 3.5 (a) Shrinkage vs. temperature curve of KNN and PZT ceramics. (b, ...Figure 3.6 The composition of (Na 0.535K 0.485) 0.95Li 0.05(Nb 0.8Ta 0.2)O 3cerami...Figure 3.7 Process flow diagram of fabricating textured ceramics by tape cas...Figure 3.8 Variation of cubic–tetragonal (dots lines) and tetragonal–orthorh...Figure 3.9 Illustration of the 200 pcpeak splitting in the cases of pure tet...Figure 3.10 (a, b) Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns of K...Figure 3.11 The d 33and T Cof KNN‐based compositions classified according to...Figure 3.12 Comparison of (a) PPT and (b) MPB including their enhancement on...Figure 3.13 Schematic diagram for the enhancement of piezoelectric performan...Figure 3.14 (a) Temperature dependence of large signal measured at 4 kV/mm...Figure 3.15 Heterogeneity at different length scales.Figure 3.16 d 33and Curie temperature of compositions in KNN‐system with the...Figure 3.17 Hierarchical domain structure of BaZrO 3–(Bi,Na)TiO 3‐modified (Li...Figure 3.18 Polar nanoregions (PNRs) as Moiré fringes observed in a KNN‐base...Figure 3.19 X‐ray diffraction patterns of (222) and (004) lattice plane seri...Figure 3.20 (a) Unipolar S 33– E 3curves of CZ5 ceramics before and after 10 4,...Figure 3.21 (a) XRD patterns of CZ0 and CZ5 ceramics; (b) the enlarged (002)...Figure 3.22 Modified small punch (MSP) testing load–displacement curves for ...Figure 3.23 The procedure of sol–gel synthesis of the KNN thin film.Figure 3.24 (a) Polarization–electric field hysteresis loops and (b) typical...Figure 3.25 (a) XRD pattern of the epitaxial KNN thin film on (001) Nb:SrTO3...Figure 3.26 Photograph of the as‐grown KNNT single crystal.