Jing-Feng Li - Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The P – E loops of BNT–5BT at room temperature and 160 °C.Figure 4.2 The temperature‐dependent dielectric permittivity curves of (a) u...Figure 4.3 (a) In situ X-ray diffraction pattern of BNT-6BT at its virgin st...Figure 4.4 (a) Transmission electron microscope bright‐field image of a typi...Figure 4.5 Schematic diagram of the nanostructure of BNT–BT. The AFE nanodom...Figure 4.6 (a) The first diagram of BNT–BT, (b) the diagram of BNT–BT based ...Figure 4.7 Phase diagram and dielectric properties of BNT–BT ceramic (a) bef...Figure 4.8 The phase diagram for polycrystalline (1 − x )(Bi 1/2Na 1/2)TiO 3– x Ba...Figure 4.9 Axial and radial strains measured during the bipolar poling cycle...Figure 4.10 Electric‐field‐induced stain and volume changes of BNT–100 x BT (0...Figure 4.11 X‐ray diffraction patterns of BNT–BT showing (111) pcand (200) pcFigure 4.12 (A) The measurement setup; (B) the XRD pattern of the BNT–7BT; a...Figure 4.13 Transmission electron microscope observations along the [53] zon...Figure 4.14 P–E and S–E loops or volume changes in (a) BNT–6BT, ...Figure 4.15 Contour and perspective image of electric‐field‐dependent XRD on...Figure 4.16 The in situ TEM results: (a) the grain before applying electric ...Figure 4.17 (a) Relaxation of the average PFM signal in the switched area an...Figure 4.18 The identity of the electric‐field‐induced phase transition obse...Figure 4.19 (a) Relaxor‐ferroelectric phase transition induced by the uniaxi...Figure 4.20 Surface atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cross‐sectional scanni...Figure 4.21 Lead‐free piezoelectric single crystal with a composition 0.94(N...Figure 4.22 (a) Variation of T dand Q m,33as a function of z ; (b) the relati...Figure 4.23 (a) Applied field E adependences of vibration velocity v 0‐p...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Unit cells and parameters of phases and transitions in BaTiO 3. No...Figure 5.2 The d 33record reported in the past for the pure BaTiO 3ceramics ...Figure 5.3 Domain structures observed in normally sintered BaTiO 3ceramics. ...Figure 5.4 (a) Photos of as‐grown Ba(Ti 1−xZr x)O 3crystals with x = 0.0...Figure 5.5 (A) Large recoverable electric‐field‐induced strain in an aged Ba...Figure 5.6 (A) Phase diagram of Ba(Zr 0.2Ti 0.8)O 3–(Ba 0.7Ca 0.3)TiO 3(BZT–BCT) ...Figure 5.7 Revised phase diagrams of the Ba(Zr 0.2Ti 0.8)O 3–(Ba 0.7Ca 0.3)TiO 3c...Figure 5.8 Phase diagram of Ba(Sn 0.12Ti 0.88)O 3– x (Ba 0.7Ca 0.3)O 3ceramics.Figure 5.9 Phase transition of (a) (Ba 1−xCa x)TiO 3and (b) Ba(Ti 1−x...Figure 5.10 (a) Phase diagram of (Ba 0.95Ca 0.05)(Ti 1−xSn x)O 3ceramics. ...Figure 5.11 Phase diagram of the BaTiO 3–BaHfO 3system at the BaTiO 3‐rich end...Figure 5.12 The changes of (a) ɛ r P rand (b) d 33measured at room temper...Figure 5.13 (a) Contour map of piezoelectric coefficient d 33in temperature‐...Figure 5.14 TEM observation of domain structures in BZT– x BCT ( x = 0.4, 0.5, ...Figure 5.15 Sintering curves of BaTiO 3with LiF (a) and BaTiO 3with Li 2O (b)...Figure 5.16 (a) Experimental setup of the Vickers indentation method for stu...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The R 3 c structure of BiFeO 3represented with the hexagonal unit c...Figure 6.2 Schematic diagram of domain and domain wall types in BiFeO 3: (a) ...Figure 6.3 The R 3 c structure of BiFeO 3represented with the hexagonal unit c...Figure 6.4 Polarization ( P , dashed arrows) along the (111) axis and three po...Figure 6.5 Magnetoelectric effect in BiFeO 3: at low fields, P is proportiona...Figure 6.6 Compositional phase diagram of Bi 2O 3and Fe 2O 3.Figure 6.7 Phase transition according to substrate strain induced on the BiF...Figure 6.8 Temperature–strain phase diagram for BiFeO 3thin films. Note that...Figure 6.9 Real part and imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity as a ...Figure 6.10 Real part and imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity of a...Figure 6.11 Direct current electric conductivity of 5% Ca‐doped BiFeO 3ceram...Figure 6.12 A schematic of the enhanced conductivity at domain walls compare...Figure 6.13 Panels of elements considered as dopants are filled with red (A‐...Figure 6.14 Schematic phase diagram for RE‐substituted BiFeO 3in the presenc...Figure 6.15 (a) Phase diagram of BiFeO 3–BaTiO 3solid solution with an R–C bo...Figure 6.16 Bulk polycrystalline and thin film form applications of ferroic ...Figure 6.17 Schematic view (a) of a simplified FeFET in the planar geometry ...Figure 6.18 (a) Schematic of exchange bias coupling between ferromagnets and...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 (a) Representative applications of piezoelectric materials [1–5]....Figure 7.2 (a) Schematic of multilayer actuators. (b) Electric‐field‐induced...Figure 7.3 Cross‐section microscope images of (a) KNN–CaZrO 3+ ZrO 2and (b) ...Figure 7.4 (a) Cross‐sectional view of actuation structure in a shear‐mode i...Figure 7.5 (a) Schematic diagram and picture of commercial BNT‐based ultraso...Figure 7.6 Schematics of (a) resonating‐type knocking sensors and (b) common...Figure 7.7 Schematics of common cantilever configurations with (a) d 31mode ...Figure 7.8 (a) Optical images of the end surface and the cross‐section of NK...

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