Self-Healing Smart Materials

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Classification scheme of self-healing systems.Figure 3.2 Schematic representation of thermally reversible Diels–Alder (DA) rea...Figure 3.3 Self-healing illustration of common encapsulation methods, (a) hollow...Figure 3.4 SEM images to trace the healing process of the scratch. (Reused with ...Figure 3.5 Illustration of the TOCNs cross-linked ENR network based on epoxy-aci...Figure 3.6 Schematic diagram of chemical reaction between ENR and CABt (Adapted ...Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of hybrid rubber network in cured ENR/CABt composit...Figure 3.8 Schematic representation of the chemical reaction between: (a) NR and...Figure 3.9 Schematic presentation of carbon black filler network (Reprinted with...Figure 3.10 Healing efficiency of tensile strength with different carbon black c...Figure 3.11 Proposed scheme of self-healing mechanism in epoxidized natural rubb...Figure 3.12 SBR vulcanized with different values of the ratio accelerant/sulfur ...Figure 3.13 Dielectric parameters (e” and s”) as function of frequency at −25 °C...Figure 3.14 (a) Stress–strain curves of SBR-FS/M2 = 3/1 with 5% of MWCNT-FA and ...Figure 3.15 Tensile strain measurements to characterize the self-healing process...Figure 3.16 Process followed to the sample reclamation (Adapted with permission ...Figure 3.17 Reaction scheme for the conversion of BIIR with butylimidazole for p...Figure 3.18 Stress–strain measurements to characterize self-healing behavior in ...Figure 3.19 Bi-layer of BIIR and BIIR-CNT. Repeated healing test under water, th...Figure 3.20 Bi-layer of BIIR and BIIR-CNT in a steel substrate to evaluate corro...Figure 3.21 Stress–strain curves of the silicone elastomer and composites before...Figure 3.22 Tensile stress–strain curves of virgin, healed and recycled silicone...Figure 3.23 Tensile stress–strain curves of self-healed composite foams with dif...Figure 3.24 Evaluation of self-healing efficiency of PDMS-UI-x composites for di...Figure 3.25 Stress–strain curves for a silicone supramolecular with different PM...Figure 3.26 Reversible metathesis reaction of aromatic disulfides 1a–b and 2 (Ad...Figure 3.27 Chemical structure of bis[4-(3-hydroxypropyloxy)phenyl]disulfide (S3...Figure 3.28 Schematic diagram of the healing reaction in PU (Adapted with permis...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Structure of polymer–rubber composites obtained from waste tires [1].Figure 4.2 (a) Schematic is describing of shape memory effect measurement. (b) T...Figure 4.3 Ionic association and self-healing. (Top) Schematic representation of...Figure 4.4 (a) Photos illustrating the healing processes of the UV-cured rubbers...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Possible mechanisms of indigenous healing of cementitious material (a...Figure 5.2 Healing of cracks over a period of 28 days (a) 0 day, (b) 1 day, (c) ...Figure 5.3 Schemetic representation of bacterium precipitating calcium carbonate...Figure 5.4 Calcite formation from the encapsulated bacteria, Adapted from Ref. [...Figure 5.5 Cracks closure representation on (a) 0, (b) 3, (c) 7, and (d) 28 days...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Required features of self-healing agents for development of self-heal...Figure 6.2 Classification of self-healable polymeric materials [2].Figure 6.3 A view of net-point along with reversible switching of shape memory m...Figure 6.4 Category of stimuli responsive shape memory polymeric materials [2].Figure 6.5 Self-cleaning approach through (a) super hydrophilic surface along wi...Figure 6.6 (a) Self-healing process of coumarin-based polyurethane under UV irra...Figure 6.7 (a) SEM images of non-irradiated and UV irradiated PUE and PUC, (b) f...Figure 6.8 (a) SEM images of the conductor with (1) cutoff area on its surface, ...Figure 6.9 Healing process of (a) (I-III) Cu2+-BDT hydrogel (5.64 wt%) and (IV-V...Figure 6.10 (a) (I–III) The GO-B-PVA-KCl hydrogel self-healing cycle under atmos...Figure 6.11 (a) Structural feature and shape memory performance of the developed...Figure 6.12 Artificial shape memory flower based on the MWCNT-CPPC composite, (b...Figure 6.13 Cyclic shape memory performance of the artificial flower governed vi...Figure 6.14 (a) 3D view of encapsulated polymeric solar cells, (b) encapsulated ...Figure 6.15 (a) Chemical formula of FA and PPA along with crystalline structure ...Figure 6.16 (a) Cross sectional SEM photograph of polymeric solar cell with 500 ...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Fiber and capsule based approaches for self-healable systems [14].Figure 7.2 The methods for the construction of self‐repairing materials. Capsula...Figure 7.3 View of fabrication procedure of silica/polyurea hybridized self-repa...Figure 7.4 View of coaxial electrospun method [43].Figure 7.5 (a) Dual coaxial electrospinng core–shell fibers incorporated into un...Figure 7.6 (a) SEM of resin-PAN (left), Cure-PAN (right) core–shell nanoscale fi...Figure 7.7 Fabrication of core–shell nanofiber using emulsion electrospinning ap...Figure 7.8 Representation of fabrication nanofibers healing materials, (b) Macro...Figure 7.9 (a) View of creation of self-repairing materials embedding the core–s...Figure 7.10 (a) Core–nanofiber shell with self‐healing capability into the lamin...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Schematic representations of conventional polymer, supramolecular pol...Scheme 8.1 Deterioration and recovery reactions of PC [33].Scheme 8.2 Mechanism of polymerization and repair for Diels-Alder cross linked p...Scheme 8.3 Schematic representation of the self-healing concept via reversible D...Scheme 8.4 Schematic representation of the synthesis of the maleimide methacryla...Scheme 8.5 Schematic representation of the copolymerization of AMA, FMA, and MIM...Scheme 8.6 Steps for grafting of maleimide groups on carbon fiber surface [42].Figure 8.2 Section views of first trial sample using X-ray tomography [50].Figure 8.3 Section views of second trial sample using X-ray tomography [50].Scheme 8.7 Synthesis of acylhydrazones and representation of its functionalities...Scheme 8.8 Modification of acylhydrazones by dialdehyde exchange and dihydrazine...Figure 8.4 Sol-gel phase transition of the covalent polymer gel in response to a...Figure 8.5 Sol–gel phase transition of the covalent polymer gel in response to a...Scheme 8.9 Synthesis of the dynamic polymer (P1) by polycondensation of the mono...Scheme 8.10 Demonstration of chemical structure of the double crosslinked system...Scheme 8.11 Crosslinking diagram of a (A) single crosslinked network and (B) a d...Figure 8.6 Optical microscope images after different healing conditions: (a) 4 h...Scheme 8.12 Inactive species (1) is fragmented into two radical species: A nitro...Figure 8.7 Healing of specimens in 3 healing cycles [76].Scheme 8.13 Chemical structures of DABBF—noncleaved and cleaved forms [79].Figure 8.8 Self-healing behavior of cross-linked polymer gels (one piece is tint...Scheme 8.14 Synthesis of boronic ester network materials via photoinitiated thio...Scheme 8.15 Mechanism of healing proposed by Cash et al . [80].Scheme 8.16 Hydrogen bonds between two PUy groups [82].Scheme 8.17 Complexation of perylene by complementary π-π stacking with the chai...Scheme 8.18 Model structure of chain-folding bis-pyrenyl group and chain-folding...Figure 8.9 Self-healing “phase diagram” showing ballistic puncture-reversal as a...Scheme 8.19 Schematic representation of the synthesis of triazole-pyridine-based...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Number of publications on self-healing materials in corrosion protec...Figure 10.2 SECM images of the epoxy coating, including zinc phosphate immersed ...Figure 10.3 Schematic demonstration of the self-healing process of the PEO coati...Figure 10.4 FE-SEM–EDX elemental map of mild steel coated with MMT-Zn-BIA immers...Figure 10.5 Surface morphologies of PEO coatings following electrochemical corro...Figure 10.6. Results of salt spray test for the coating systems (a) without LDH,...Figure 10.7 UWT spectra of the ECN signals obtained for blank (a), SC (b), SCN (...Figure 10.8. A schematic presentation for the LDHs protection mechanism with dif...