Rodolfo F. Acuña - América ocupada

Había comenzado una nueva era y, según los angloamericanos, contaban con un pueblo homogéneo y racialmente superior para dirigirla. La conquista sentó las bases de la colonia y justificó los privilegios económicos y políticos establecidos por los conquistadores. Muchos angloamericanos, historiadores tanto como profanos, padecen una amnesia histórica con respecto a cómo adquirieron y cómo mantuvieron el control sobre la tierra y el pueblo conquistado.

1Cecil Robinson, “Flag of Illusion”, The American West , mayo 1968, v. v, no.3, 15.

2T.R. Fehrenbach, Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans , New York: The Macmillan Co, 1968, 128.

3Walter Prescott Webb, The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense , Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965, 21-22. Tijerina, Tejanos under the Mexican Flag , 25-45. Letter from Gen. Manuel de Mier y Terán to Lucás Alamán, “¿En qué parará Texas? En lo que Dios quiera”. (“What is to become of Texas? Whatever God wills”.), julio 2, 1832, Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas.

4Fehrenbach, op.cit., 163-64.

5Eugene G. Barker, Mexico and Texas, 1821-1835 , Russell & Russell, Nueva York, 1965, 52.

6Barker, op. cit., 74-80

7Ibid., 80-82.

8Fehrenbach, op. cit., 182.

9Ibid., 181. Andrés Tijerina, Texanos Under the Mexican Flag, 1821-1836 , College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1994, 3-24.

10Carlos Castañeda, Our Catholic Heritage in Texas, 1519-1933 , vol. 6, New York: Arno, 1976, Vol. 6, 252-53. Fehrenbach, Lone Star , 181. Andrés Tijerina, Texanos Under the Mexican Flag, 1821-1836 , College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1994, 113. See Stephen F. Austin, Texas State Library & Archives Commission, http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/giants/austin/austin-01.html.

11Nathaniel W. Stephenson, Texas and the Mexican War: A Chronicle of the Winning of the Southwest , New York: United States Publishing, 1921, 51.

12Stephenson, Texas and the Mexican War , 52. Barker, Mexico and Texas, 1821-1835 , 128. Castañeda, in Vol. 6, 234. Gene M. Brack, Mexico Views Manifest Mexico Views Manifest Destiny, 1821-1846: An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War , Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1975. Fehrenbach, Lone Star , 188. Hutchinson, 6. Address of the Honorable S. F. Austin, Louisville, Kentucky, marzo 7, 1836, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/texind01.asp.

13Stephenson, op.cit., 52,

14Fehrenbach, Lone Star , 188-89. Address of the Honorable S. F. Austin, Louisville, Kentucky, marzo 7, 1836, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/texind01.asp. Austin septiembre 19, 1835 letter, http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/giants/austin/austin-safety-1.html.

15Fenrenbach, op.cit., 180.

16Ibid., 181.

17Barker, op.cit., 146.

18Ibid., 147,

19Ibid., 147.

20Ibid., 148-49/

21Ibid., 162.

22Fehrenbach, op. cit., 189.

23Felix Almaraz, ‘The Historical Heritage if the Mexican America in 19 thcentury Texas”, The Role of the Mexican American in the History of the Southwest , Inter-American Institute. Pan American College, Edinburg, Texas, 1969, 20-21.

24Walter Lord, “Myths and Realities of the Alamo”, The American West , 5 mayo de 1968, n. 3.

25Lord, op. cit., 20.

26Rafael Trujillo Herrera, Olvídate de El Álamo , La Prensa, México, D.F., 1965.

27Lord, op. cit., 18. Santa Anna no había destacado a la mayoría de su ejército al Alamo, pues un gran número había sido asignado a otros lugares.

28Ibid., 22.

29Ibid., 24.

30Ibid., 25.

31Fehrenbach, op. cit., 232.

32Marilyn McAdamis Sibley, Travelers in Texas 1761-1860 , Austin: University of Texas, 1967, 108-9.

33Charles A. Hale, Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821-1853 , New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968, 11-12, 16.

34.Carl N. Degler, Out of Our Past: The Forces That Shaped Modern America , New York: Harper & Row, 1970, 107.

35Albert C. Ramsey, ed. and trans., The Old Side or Notes for the History of the War Between Mexico and the United States , reprint ed., New York: Burt Franklin, 1970, 28-29. Ramón Alcaraz et al., Apuntes para la Historia de la Guerra Entre México y los Estados Unidos , México, DF: Tipografía de Manuel Payno, Hiho, 1848, 27-28. For an excellent account of Slidell’s mission, see Dennis Eugene Berge, “Mexican Response to United States Expansion, 1841-1848”, PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1965.

36James. D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents , 10 vols., Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1905, 4, 428-42, quoted in Arvin Rappaport, ed., The War with Mexico: Why Did It Happen? , Skokie, IL: Rand McNally, 1964, 16. President James Polk’s State of the Union Address, diciembre 2, 1845. Joint Session of Congress, State of the Union Address, 29th Congress, First Session, diciembre 2, 1845, http://www.presidentialrhetoric.com/historicspeeches/polk/stateoftheunion1845.html.James K. Polk, Message on War with Mexico, mayo 11, 1846, http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/two/mexdec.htm

37Grady McWhiney & Sue McWhiney, eds., To Mexico with Taylor and Scott, 1845-1847 , Waltham, MA: Praisell, 1969, 3. Letter from Ulysses S. Grant to Fiancée Julia Dent, julio 25, 1846. John Y. Simon, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant , Vol. 1, London: Feffer & Simons, 1967, 102.

38Abraham Lincoln’s “Spot Resolutions”, Resolution and Preamble on Mexican War: “Spot Resolutions”, The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress , diciembre 22, 1847, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mal:@field(DOCID+@lit(d0007000)).

39Glenn W. Price, Origins of the War with Mexico: The Polk-Stockton Intrigue , Austin: University of Texas Press, 1967, 7.

40quoted in Arvin Rappaport, ed., The War with Mexico: Why Did It Happen? , Skokie, IL: Rand McNally, 1964, 16. President James Polk’s State of the Union Address, diciembre 2, 1845. Joint Session of Congress, State of the Union Address, 29th Congress, First Session, diciembre 2, 1845, http://www.presidentialrhetoric.com/historicspeeches/polk/stateoftheunion1845.html.James K. Polk, “Message on War with Mexico”, mayo 11, 1846, http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/two/mexdec.htm.

41Ibid., 16.

42Justin H. Smith, The War with Mexico , Vol. 2, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1963, 310.

43Ramon Eduardo Ruiz, The Mexican War: Was It Manifest Destiny? , New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1963, 1.

44Ruiz, op.cit., p.1.

45Según Chamberlain, Taylor recaudó más de un millón entre los habitantes de Nuevo León y Tamaulipas.

46Abiel Abbott Livermore, The War with Mexico Reviewed , Boston, MA: American Peace Society, 1850, 8.

47Ibid., 11.

48Ibid., 12.

49T. B. Thorpe, Our Army on the Rio Grande , cit. en Abiel Abbott Livermore, The War with Mexico Reviewed , Boston, MA: American Peace Society, 1850, 126.

50Alfred Hoyt Bill, Rehearsal for Conflict , New York: Knopf, 1947, 122.

51John Y. Simon, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant , Vol. 1, London and Amsterdam: Feffer & Simons, 1967, 102.

52Livermore, op. cit., 140.

53Ibid., 147-48.

54Smith, vol. I, 550, nota 6.

55Ibid., vol. II, 385, nota 18.

56Livermore, op. cit., 160.

57Samuel E. Chamberlain, My Confessions , New York: Harper & Row, 1956, 75.

58Ibid., 87.

59Ibid., 88,

60Ibid., 174.

61Ibid.

62Ibid., 176.