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Martin Jacques - When China Rules the World

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Название:
When China Rules the World
Автор:
Martin Jacques
Жанр:
Политика / на английском языке
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неизвестен
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For well over two hundred years we have lived in a western-made world, one where the very notion of being modern is inextricably bound up with being western. The twenty-first century will be different. The rise of China, India and the Asian tigers means that, for the first time, modernity will no longer be exclusively western. The west will be confronted with the fact that its systems, institutions and values are no longer the only ones on offer. The key idea of Martin Jacques's ground-breaking new book is that we are moving into an era of contested modernity. The central player in this new world will be China. Continental in size and mentality, China is a 'civilisation-state' whose characteristics, attitudes and values long predate its existence as a nation-state. Although clearly influenced by the west, its extraordinary size and history mean that it will remain highly distinct, and as it exercises its rapidly growing power it will change much more than the world's geo-politics. The nation-state as we understand it will no longer be globally dominant, and the Westphalian state-system will be transformed; ideas of race will be redrawn. This profound and far-sighted book explains for the first time the deeper meaning of the rise of China.
***
China Digital Times
Book Review: When China Rules the World
“When you’re alone and life is making you lonely, you can always go: downtown.” So warbled the British singer, Petula Clark in the 1960s. However, today if solitude is your constant companion, I would suggest that you purchase a copy of this riveting book and read it on the bus and in airports — as I have been doing in recent days, with the dramatic words on the bright red cover of this weighty tome blaring insistently — and no doubt you will find, as I have, that your reading reverie will be constantly interrupted by a stream of anxious interlopers curious to know what the future may hold.
For like Petula Clark, the author too hails from London, though the startling message he brings decidedly differs from her melancholy intervention. For it is the author’s conclusion that sooner rather than later, China — a nation ruled by a Communist Party — will have the most sizeable and powerful economy in the world and that this will have manifold economic, cultural, psychological (and racial) consequences. Strangely enough, Jacques — one of the better respected intellectuals in the North Atlantic community — does not dwell upon how this monumental turn of events occurred. To be sure, he pays obeisance to the leadership of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, who in 1978, opened China’s economy to massive inward foreign direct investment, which set the stage for the 21st Century emergence of the planet’s most populous nation. Yet, for whatever reason, Jacques — who once was a leading figure in the British Communist Party — does not deign to detail to the gentle reader how Beijing brokered an alliance with US imperialism, that helped to destabilize their mutual foe in Moscow, which prepared the path for the gargantuan capital infusion that has transformed China and bids fair to do the same for the world as a whole.
Still, it is noteworthy that this book’s back-cover carries blurbs from the conservative economic historian, Niall Ferguson of Harvard (Henry Kissinger’s authorized biographer); the leading historian, Eric Hobsbawm; the well-known Singaporean intellectual and leader, Kishore Mahbubani (who has written a book that mirrors Jacques’ earthshaking conclusions); and a raft of Chinese thinkers who do not seem displeased nor surprised by his findings.

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[1256]Martin Jacques, ‘Global Hierarchy of Race’, Guardian , 20 September 2003.

[1257]Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism Under the Shadow of Globalisation’, lecture, London School of Economics, 7 February 2005, pp. 1–2.

[1258]Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , pp. 147-9.

[1259]Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), pp. 410-11.

[1260]Zi Zhongyun, ‘The Clash of Ideas: Ideology and Sino-US Relations’, in Suisheng Zhao, ed., Chinese Foreign Policy: Pragmatism and Strategic Behaviour (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), pp. 224-42.

[1261]Richard Gott, ‘Latin America is Preparing to Settle Accounts with Its White Settler Elite’, Guardian , 15 November 2006; Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (London: William Heinemann, 2003), Chapter 2.

[1262]‘A Battle of Cultures in Milan ’s Chinatown ’, International Herald Tribune , 27 April 2007; also ‘Chinese Entrepreneurs Upset French Neighbors’, International Herald Tribune , 6 June 2007.

[1263]Hong Kong-listed shares surged after the Chinese government agreed in August 2007 that its citizens would be allowed to invest in the Hong Kong stock market. All five of China ’s biggest companies by market value in late 2007 had Hong Kong listings.

[1264]‘ China Market Values Soar’, International Herald Tribune , 30 October 2007.

[1265]Jing Ulrich, ‘Insight: China Prepares for Overseas Investment’, Financial Times , 7 August 2007.

[1266]‘ China ’s Overseas Investment Rises 60 % Annually’, 2 February 2007, posted on www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina.

[1267]‘Morgan Stanley Taps China for $5bn’, Financial Times , 19 December 2007; Tony Jackson, ‘The Chinese Bank Plan is One to Watch’, Financial Times , 23 July 2007; Geoff Dyer and Sundeep Tucker, ‘In Search of Illumination: Chinese Companies Expand Overseas’, Financial Times , 3 December 2007.

[1268]Zhou Ping and Loet Leydesdorff, ‘The Emergence of China as a Leading Nation in Science’, Research Policy , 35 (2006), pp. 83-104.

[1269]James Wilsdon and James Keeley, ‘ China: The Next Science Superpower? The Atlas of Ideas: Mapping the New Geography of Science’ (London: Demos, 2007), p. 6.

[1270]Geoff Dyer, ‘The Dragon’s Lab — How China is Rising Through the Innovation Ranks’, Financial Times , 5 January 2007.

[1271]‘Chinese Spacecraft Back to Earth’, 17 October 2005, posted on www.bbc. co.uk/news.

[1272]‘China’s Missile Test Holds Signal for US’, International Herald Tribune , 20–21 January 2007; ‘China Uses Space Technology as Diplomatic Trump Card’, International Herald Tribune , 24 May 2007.

[1273]‘It’s a Multi-Currency World We Live In’, Financial Times , 26 December 2007; Benn Steil, ‘A Rising Euro Threatens American Dominance’, Financial Times , 22 April 2008.

[1274]Daniel Dombey, ‘ America Faces a Diplomatic Penalty as the Dollar Dwindles’, Financial Times , 27 December 2007.

[1275]Quoted in ibid.

[1276]Ibid.

[1277]Avinash D. Persaud, ‘The Dollar Standard: (Only the) Beginning of the End’, posted on http://opendemocracy.net; Avinash D. Persaud, ‘When Currency Empires Fall’, posted on www.gresham.ac.uk.

[1278]Mark Leonard, What Does China Think? (London: Fourth Estate, 2008), p. 120.

[1279]Eric Hobsbawm, ‘ America ’s Neo-Conservative World Supremacists Will Fail’, Guardian , 25 June 2005.

[1280]Alastair Ian Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 258- 9.

[1281]Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation: America and the World 1600 - 1898 (London: Atlantic Books, 2006), p. 304.

[1282]Callahan, Contingent States , pp. 28–44.

[1283]Yan Xuetong, ‘The Rise of China in Chinese Eyes’, Journal of Contemporary China , 10: 26 (2001), p. 34.

[1284]Callahan, Contingent States , p. 34.

[1285]Robert Ross, ‘The Geography of Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-first Century’, in Michael Brown et al., eds, The Rise of China (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), pp. 189-90, 193.

[1286]Callahan, Contingent States , pp. 34-7.

[1287]Johnston, Cultural Realism , p. 249.

[1288]Callahan, Contingent States , pp. 34- 5.

[1289]Wang Xiaodong, Chinese Youth’s Views on the World: A Survey Report (Beijing: China Youth Research Centre, 2003), pp. 27-8.

[1290]Wang Gungwu, ‘Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia: A Background Essay’, in John King Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 61.

[1291]Ibid., p. 61.

[1292]Interview with Shi Yinhong, Beijing, 19 May 2006.

[1293]Pankaj Mishra, ‘Getting Rich’, London Review of Books , 30 November 2006, pp. 6–7.

[1294]John Gray, ‘(Re-)Ordering the World: Dilemmas of Liberal Imperialism’, RSA Journal , 2:6 (2002), p. 52.

[1295]Lucian W. Pye, ‘ China: Erratic State, Frustrated Society’, Foreign Affairs , 69: 4 (Fall 1990), pp. 56–74.

[1296]Ibid., pp. 56–74.

[1297]‘Foreign and Chinese Delegates Flock to First Confucius Institute Conference’, 6 July 2006, posted on http://english.peopledaily.com.cn.

[1298]‘Chinese Language Fever Brings Opportunities and Harmony to the World’, 13 July 2006, posted on http://english.people.com.cn; Michael Vatikiotis, ‘The Soft Power of “Happy Chinese”’, International Herald Tribune , 18 January 2006.

[1299]Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 68-9.

[1300]‘ Chicago Hub of Chinese Learning in US’, China Daily , 17 May 2006.

[1301]Julian Borger, ‘America in “Critical Need” of Mandarin’, Guardian Weekly , 10–16 March 2006; ‘Demand for Chinese Language Courses in US Soars’, China Daily , 23 November 2005; ‘Mandarin Lessons for All — in UK School’, Strait Times , 21 January 2006; ‘The Future is… Mandarin’, Guardian , 6 April 2004; ‘Mandarin Learning Sours Outside China’, 29 July 2007, posted on www.bloc.co.uk/news.

[1302]‘English Today, Mandarin by 2020?’, September 2006, posted on www.pbs. org; ‘Beijing Sets Up Its Own Internet Domains’, International Herald Tribune , 21 March 2006.

[1303]David Crystal, English as a Global Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 113.

[1304]Ibid., Chapter 1; p. 117.

[1305]Posted on www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007.

[1306]http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm.

[1307]Della Bradshaw, ‘Chinese Business Schools Move Up Rankings’, Financial Times , 31 October 2004.

[1308]David Shambaugh, ‘ China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order’, International Security , 29: 3 (Winter 2004/5), p. 78.

[1309]‘Students Again Make Beeline to US Colleges’, 5 April 2006, posted on http://English.peopledaily.com.cn.

[1310]Howard W. French, ‘China Luring Scholars to Make Universities Great’, New York Times , 28 October 2008; Arian Eunjung Cha, ‘Opportunities in China Lure Scientists Home’, Washington Post Foreign Service , 20 February 2008.

[1311]Xan Rice, ‘ China ’s Long March’, Observer Sport Monthly , 80 (October 2006).