Martin Jacques - When China Rules the World

[1204]Martin Wolf, ‘Why America and China Cannot Afford to Fall Out’, Financial Times , 8 October 2003.

[1205]Shell, Shell Global Scenarios to 2025 , p. 93.

[1206]‘Reaching for a Renaissance: A Special Report on China and Its Region’, The Economist , 31 March 2007, p. 13.

[1207]Elizabeth C. Economy, The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China’s Future (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), Chapter 8; ‘China Wants Others to Bear Climate Curbs’, International Herald Tribune , 7 February 2007; ‘Politics Shift as the Planet Heats Up’, International Herald Tribune , 7–8 April 2007.

[1208]Lampton, ‘What Growing Chinese Power Means for America ’, p. 10; Lampton, ‘ China ’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America ’s Expense’, p. 321; Kynge, China Shakes the World , pp. 160-61.

[1209]Levine, ‘Sino-American Relations’, p. 110.

[1210]Zheng Yongnian, Discovering Chinese Nationalism , p. 140.

[1211]Kynge, China Shakes the World , p. 214.

[1212]China ’s Export-Import Bank is already a larger source of loans to Africa than the World Bank; Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive , p. 97.

[1213]Keith Bradsher, ‘About-face Puts China on Side of India Over High Food Tariffs’, International Herald Tribune , 31 July 2008.

[1214]‘World Economic Net Fights to Keep Role: World Bank, IMF and WTO Struggling Under Globalization and Other Pressures’, International Herald Tribune , 23 May 2007; Timothy Garton Ash, ‘ One Practical Way to Improve the State of the World: Turn G8 into G14’, Guardian , 24 January 2008.

[1215]Geoff Dyer, ‘ China ’s Dollar Dilemma’, Financial Times , 22 February 2009.

[1216]Another small step in this process is the decision to allow Chinese citizens to buy shares and mutual funds in London and New York through their local banks. This has hitherto only been possible for them in Hong Kong; ‘Chinese to be Allowed to Buy UK Shares’, Financial Times , 17 December 2007.

[1217]Yu Yongding, ‘Comments’, IMF Reform Conference, 10 October 2005, and ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, unpublished paper, Nikkei Simbon Symposium, 5 April 2005.

[1218]Bob Davis, ‘IMF Gives Poor Countries Scarce New Voting Count’, Wall Street Journal , 31 March 2008; Mark Weisbrot, ‘The IMF’s Dwindling Fortunes’, Los Angeles Times , 27 April 2008; Jeffrey Sachs, ‘How the Fund Can Regain Global Legitimacy’, Financial Times , 19 April 2006; George Monbiot, ‘Don’t Be Fooled By This Reform: The IMF Is Still the Rich Man’s Viceroy’, Guardian , 5 September 2006; Joseph Stiglitz, ‘Thanks for Nothing’, Atlantic Monthly , October 2001.

[1219]‘Fury as Zimbabwe Sanctions Vetoed’, 12 July 2008, posted on www.bbc. co.uk/news.

[1220]Martin Wolf, ‘Why Agreeing a New Bretton Woods is Vital’, Financial Times , 4 November 2008.

[1221]‘Interview: Message from Wen’, Financial Times , 1 February 2009.

[1222]For a pessimistic view of the prospects for a new Bretton Woods agreement, see Gideon Rachman, ‘The Brettons Woods Sequel Will Flop’, Financial Times , 10 November 2008.

[1223]G. John Ikenberry, ‘The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?’, Foreign Affairs , January/February 2008, p. 1 (available at www.foreignaffairs.org).

[1224]Martin Jacques, ‘The Citadels of the Global Economy are Yielding to China ’s Battering Ram’, Guardian , 23 April 2008.

[1225]Yu Yongding, ‘The Evolving Exchange Rate Regimes in East Asia ’, unpublished paper, 12 March 2005, p. 9.

[1226]Interview with Shi Yinhong, 19 May 2006.

[1227]Dominic Wilson and Anna Stupnytska, ‘The N-11: More Than an Acronym’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper , 153 (28 March 2007), p. 8. This followed an earlier paper in 2003 which suggested 2041; Dominic Wilson and Roopa Purushothaman, ‘Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper 99 (2003), p. 10.

[1228]‘Faced with a Steep Learning Curve’, Financial Times special report on global brands, 23 April 2007.

[1229]William A. Callahan, Contingent States: Greater China and Transnational Relations (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2004), pp. 158- 9.

[1230]Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971), pp. 12–13, 206-8, 333, 416-18.

[1231]Joseph S. Nye Jr, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), Chapter 1.

[1232]Maev Kennedy, ‘On the March: Terracotta Army Aims for Ticket Office Triumph’, Guardian , 8 February 2007.

[1233]‘Great Wall Overtakes Florence for Tourists’, 20 May 2005, posted on http://news.ft.com.

[1234]Edward L. Dreyer, Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405 - 1433 (New York: Pearson Longman, 2007), p. 170.

[1235]My thanks to Zhang Feng for these observations. See also ‘Columbus or Zheng He? Debate Rages On’, China Daily , 19 July 2007, especially the views of Ge Jianxiong.

[1236]‘Chinese Maritime Hero Commemorated’, China Daily , 30 August 2005.

[1237]Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered The World (London: Bantam Books, 2003).

[1238]Geoff Wade, ‘Don’t Be Deceived: Our History Really is Under Serious Attack’, Canberra Times , 27 April 2006.

[1239]Quoted in Chris Alden, China in Africa (London: Zed Books, 2007), p. 19.

[1240]Patrick L. Smith, ‘Museum’s Display Links the Birth of Golf to China ’, International Herald Tribune , 1 March 2006.

[1241]Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘Glory is as Ephemeral as Smoke and Clouds’, International Herald Tribune , 23 May 2005.

[1242]Dava Sobel, Longitude (London: Fourth Estate, 1998).

[1243]Lucian W. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 235.

[1244]Suisheng Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 147-9.

[1245]David C. Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks’, International Security , 27: 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 57, 61-5.

[1246]Ibid., pp. 66-8, 79–82.

[1247]Ibid., pp. 57–85.

[1248]It is noteworthy that in 2006 the Chinese government committed to establish special economic enclaves in five African countries where Chinese businesses are to enjoy privileged treatment as well as preferential access to Chinese capital and African markets; Chris Alden, Daniel Large and Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, eds, China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace (London: Hurst, 2008), pp. 357-8.

[1249]‘ China “May Lease Foreign Fields”’, 29 April 2008, posted on www.bbc. co.uk/news.

[1250]Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics (Paris: OECD, 2003), p. 258.

[1251]For a very interesting article on the decline of the United States, and the West, in this context, see Niall Ferguson, ‘ Empire Falls ’, October 2006, posted on www.vanityfair.com.

[1252]Angus Maddison, The World Economy. A Millennial Perspective (Paris: OECD,2006), p. 128.

[1253]Howard W. French, ‘For Old Rivals, a Chance at a Grand New Bargain’, International Herald Tribune , 9 February 2007.

[1254]Wolfgang Georg Arlt, China’s Outbound Tourism (London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 67, 227-8.

[1255]‘China Soon to be World’s Biggest Internet User’, Guardian , 25 January 2007; ‘US Slips on the Web’, International Herald Tribune , 11 May 2006.