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Martin Jacques - When China Rules the World

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Название:
When China Rules the World
Автор:
Martin Jacques
Жанр:
Политика / на английском языке
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неизвестен
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For well over two hundred years we have lived in a western-made world, one where the very notion of being modern is inextricably bound up with being western. The twenty-first century will be different. The rise of China, India and the Asian tigers means that, for the first time, modernity will no longer be exclusively western. The west will be confronted with the fact that its systems, institutions and values are no longer the only ones on offer. The key idea of Martin Jacques's ground-breaking new book is that we are moving into an era of contested modernity. The central player in this new world will be China. Continental in size and mentality, China is a 'civilisation-state' whose characteristics, attitudes and values long predate its existence as a nation-state. Although clearly influenced by the west, its extraordinary size and history mean that it will remain highly distinct, and as it exercises its rapidly growing power it will change much more than the world's geo-politics. The nation-state as we understand it will no longer be globally dominant, and the Westphalian state-system will be transformed; ideas of race will be redrawn. This profound and far-sighted book explains for the first time the deeper meaning of the rise of China.
***
China Digital Times
Book Review: When China Rules the World
“When you’re alone and life is making you lonely, you can always go: downtown.” So warbled the British singer, Petula Clark in the 1960s. However, today if solitude is your constant companion, I would suggest that you purchase a copy of this riveting book and read it on the bus and in airports — as I have been doing in recent days, with the dramatic words on the bright red cover of this weighty tome blaring insistently — and no doubt you will find, as I have, that your reading reverie will be constantly interrupted by a stream of anxious interlopers curious to know what the future may hold.
For like Petula Clark, the author too hails from London, though the startling message he brings decidedly differs from her melancholy intervention. For it is the author’s conclusion that sooner rather than later, China — a nation ruled by a Communist Party — will have the most sizeable and powerful economy in the world and that this will have manifold economic, cultural, psychological (and racial) consequences. Strangely enough, Jacques — one of the better respected intellectuals in the North Atlantic community — does not dwell upon how this monumental turn of events occurred. To be sure, he pays obeisance to the leadership of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, who in 1978, opened China’s economy to massive inward foreign direct investment, which set the stage for the 21st Century emergence of the planet’s most populous nation. Yet, for whatever reason, Jacques — who once was a leading figure in the British Communist Party — does not deign to detail to the gentle reader how Beijing brokered an alliance with US imperialism, that helped to destabilize their mutual foe in Moscow, which prepared the path for the gargantuan capital infusion that has transformed China and bids fair to do the same for the world as a whole.
Still, it is noteworthy that this book’s back-cover carries blurbs from the conservative economic historian, Niall Ferguson of Harvard (Henry Kissinger’s authorized biographer); the leading historian, Eric Hobsbawm; the well-known Singaporean intellectual and leader, Kishore Mahbubani (who has written a book that mirrors Jacques’ earthshaking conclusions); and a raft of Chinese thinkers who do not seem displeased nor surprised by his findings.

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[1037]Interview with Shi Yinghong, Beijing, 26 August 2005.

[1038]‘Reaching for a Renaissance: A Special Report on China and Its Region’, The Economist , 31 March 2007, p. 6.

[1039]Ben Schiller, ‘The Axis of Dil: China and Venezuela ’, 2 March 2006, posted on www.open democracy.

[1040]Clyde Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East (New York: Basic Books, 2006), p. 241; Robert F. Noriega, ‘China’s Influence in the Western Hemisphere’, statement before the House Sub-committee on the Western Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 6 April 2005.

[1041]Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 95.

[1042]Shell, Shell Global Scenarios to 2025: The Future Business Environment — Trends, Trade-offs and Choices (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2005), p. 129.

[1043]Raymond W. Copson, ‘US Response to China ’s Rise in Africa: Policy and Policy Options’, in Marcel Kitissou, ed., Africa in China’s Global Strategy (London: Adonis and Abbey, 2007), p. 71.

[1044]Stephen Marks, introduction in Firoze Manji and Stephen Marks, eds, African Perspectives on China in Africa (Oxford: Fahamu, 2007), p. 1.

[1045]Ibid., pp. 2–3.

[1046]Daniel Large, ‘As the Beginning Ends: China ’s Return to Africa ’, in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , p. 158.

[1047]Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘Honour and Shame? China ’s Africa Ties in Comparative Context’, in Leni Wild and David Mepham, eds, The New Sinosphere (London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2006), p. 54; Chris Alden, China in Africa (London: Zed Books, 2007), p. 67.

[1048]Ndubisi Obiorah, ‘Who’s Afraid of China in Africa? Towards an African Civil Society Perspective on China-Africa Relations’, in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , pp. 47- 8.

[1049]Alden, China in Africa , p. 12.

[1050]John Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources: The Emergence of China’, in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , p. 22.

[1051]Leni Wild and David Mepham, introduction in Wild and Mepham, The New Sinosphere , p. 2.

[1052]Alden, China in Africa , p. 104.

[1053]Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 58.

[1054]John Blessing Karumbidza, ‘Win-Win Economic Co-operation: Can China Save Zimbabwe’s Economy?’, in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , p. 89.

[1055]Alden, China in Africa , pp. 14, 39–40; Kitissou, Africa in China’s Global Strategy , p. 171.

[1056]Alden, China in Africa , p. 49; ‘A Troubled Frontier: Chinese Migrants in Senegal ’, South China Morning Post , 17 January 2008.

[1057]Howard W. French, ‘Chinese See a Continent Rich with Possibilities’, International Herald Tribune , 15 June 2007.

[1058]Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 59.

[1059]Alden, China in Africa , pp. 52-3.

[1060]Ibid., pp. 52-3, 55, 84-5.

[1061]Abah Ofon, ‘South-South Co-operation: Can Africa Thrive with Chinese Investment? ’, in Wild and Mepham, The New Sinosphere , p. 27.

[1062]Lindsey Hilsum, ‘ China, Africa and the G8 — or Why Bob Geldof Needs to Wake Up’, in Wild and Mepham, The New Sinosphere , pp. 6–7.

[1063]Mark Curtis and Claire Hickson, ‘Arming and Alarming? Arms Exports, Peace and Security’, in Wild and Mepham, The New Sinosphere , p. 41.

[1064]Alden, China in Africa , p. 26.

[1065]Interview with Jeffrey Sachs, ‘ Africa ’s Long Road Out of Poverty’, International Herald Tribune , 11 April 2007.

[1066]Marks, introduction in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , p. 5.

[1067]Raphael Kaplinsky, ‘Winners and Losers: China ’s Trade Threats and Opportunities for Africa ’, in Wild and Mepham, The New Sinosphere , p. 16.

[1068]Ibid., p. 18.

[1069]Ibid.

[1070]Alden, China in Africa , pp. 79–82.

[1071]Ibid., pp. 44, 68.

[1072]Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources’, p. 29.

[1073]Examples of public projects include the construction of an extension to the parliament building in Uganda, presidential palaces in Kinshasa and Harare, and new offices for the ministries of foreign affairs in Angola and Mozambique; Alden, China in Africa , p. 23.

[1074]Kaplinsky, ‘Winners and Losers’, pp. 12–13.

[1075]Text of Chinese president’s speech to Nigerian General Assembly, 27 April 2006, posted on www.fmprc.gov.cn.

[1076]Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 58.

[1077]Kaplinsky, ‘Winners and Losers’, pp. 12–13; Marks, introduction in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , pp. 6–7.

[1078]Zhang Wei-Wei, ‘The Allure of the Chinese Model’, International Herald Tribune , 1 November 2006.

[1079]For an interesting discussion of China ’s involvement in Africa in a broader historical context, see Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘East Mountain Tiger, West Mountain Tiger: China, the West, and “Colonialism” in Africa ’, Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies , 3 (2006).

[1080]Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘Friends and Interests: China ’s Distinctive Links with Africa ’, African Studies Review , 50:3 (December 2007), p. 78.

[1081]See John Reed, ‘ China ’s Africa Embrace Evokes Imperialist Memories’, Financial Times , 27 September 2006.

[1082]Moeletsi Mbeki, South African Journal of International Affairs , 13(1): 7 (2006), quoted in Marks, introduction in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , p. 5.

[1083]Karumbidza, ‘Win-Win Economic Co-operation’, p. 95.

[1084]Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources’, p. 31; Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, pp. 55-6. Chris Alden argues that ‘at the regional and multilateral levels African reactions to Beijing have been basically lacking in any strategic approach, as well as being fundamentally uncoordinated.’ Alden, China in Africa , p. 77.

[1085]Howard W. French and Lydia Polgreen, ‘ China Brings Its Deep Pockets to Africa’, International Herald Tribune , 13 August 2007; Alden, China in Africa , p. 35.

[1086]Alden, China in Africa , pp. 74-6; Michelle Chan-Fishel, ‘Environmental Impact: More of the Same?’ in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , p. 144.

[1087]Rocha, ‘A New Frontier in the Exploitation of Africa’s Natural Resources’, p. 25.

[1088]Karumbidza, ‘Win-Win Economic Co-operation’, p. 101.

[1089]Ali Askouri, ‘China’s Investment in Sudan: Displacing Villages and Destroying Communities’, in Manji and Marks, African Perspectives on China in Africa , pp. 74, 80; Curtis and Hickson, ‘Arming and Alarming?’, p. 41.

[1090]Jim Yardley, ‘ China Offers Defense of Its Darfur Stance’, International Herald Tribune , 8–9 March 2008; Alden, China in Africa , pp. 120, 123-4.

[1091]Sautman and Yan, ‘Honour and Shame?’, p. 57.

[1092]‘Rebels Raid China-run Oil Facility in Ethiopia ’, International Herald Tribune , 25 April 2007; ‘Chinese Worker Abducted in Niger ’, posted on www.bbc.co.uk/news, 7 July 2007; Obiorah, ‘Who’s Afraid of China in Africa?’, pp. 51-2.

[1093]Alden, China in Africa , pp. 102, 106-7, 118, 129.