Elizabeth C. Economy - The World According to China

1 Cover

2 Endorsement The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, CFR carries out its mission by maintaining a diverse membership, with special programs to promote interest and develop expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; convening meetings at its headquarters in New York and in Washington, DC, and other cities where senior government officials, members of Congress, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come together with CFR members to discuss and debate major international issues; supporting a Studies Program that fosters independent research, enabling CFR scholars to produce articles, reports, and books and hold roundtables that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommendations; publishing Foreign Affairs , the preeminent journal on international affairs and US foreign policy; sponsoring Independent Task Forces that produce reports with both findings and policy prescriptions on the most important foreign policy topics; and providing up-to-date information and analysis about world events and American foreign policy on its website, www.cfr.org . The Council on Foreign Relations takes no institutional positions on policy issues and has no affiliation with the US government. All views expressed in its publications and on its website are the sole responsibility of the author or authors.

3 Title Page THE WORLD ACCORDING TO CHINA A Council on Foreign Relations Book Elizabeth C. Economy polity

4 Copyright Copyright © Elizabeth C. Economy 2022 The right of Elizabeth C. Economy to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2022 by Polity Press Polity Press 65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press 101 Station Landing Suite 300 Medford, MA 02155, USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-3751-8 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Economy, Elizabeth, 1962- author. Title: The world according to China / Elizabeth C. Economy. Description: Medford : Polity Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “A penetrating analysis of China’s global ambitions from one of the world’s leading China experts”--Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021013890 (print) | LCCN 2021013891 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509537495 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509537518 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: China--Foreign relations--21st century | China--Politics and government--2002- | China--Foreign economic relations--21st century. | China--Relations. | Geopolitics--China. | Xi, Jinping. Classification: LCC DS779.47 .E27 2022 (print) | LCC DS779.47 (ebook) | DDC 327.51--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021013890 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021013891 The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition. For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com

5 Abbreviations Abbreviations ADBAsian Development BankAIartificial intelligenceAIIBAsian Infrastructure Investment BankASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsBARFBelt and Road ForumBISSecurity Information Service (Czech Republic)BRIBelt and Road InitiativeCBAChinese Basketball AssociationCCPChinese Communist PartyCCTVChina Central TelevisionCDBChina Development BankCGTNChina Global Television NetworkCIsConfucius InstitutesCICIRChina Institutes of Contemporary International RelationsCMCCentral Military CommissionCOSCOChina Ocean Shipping CompanyCPECChina–Pakistan Economic CorridorCPTPPComprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific PartnershipDPPDemocratic Progressive PartyDRAMdynamic random-access memoryDSRDigital Silk RoadEDAelectronic design automationFAOFood and Agriculture OrganizationFDIforeign direct investmentFOIPFree and Open Indo-PacificGSMGlobal System for Mobile TelecommunicationsHKHRDAHong Kong Human Rights and Democracy ActHKSARHong Kong Special Administration RegionHSMCWuhan Hongxin Semiconductor ManufacturingHSRHealth Silk RoadICAOInternational Civil Aviation OrganizationICCPRInternational Covenant on Civil and Political RightsICTinformation and communications technologyIDAInstitute for Defense AnalysisIECInternational Electrotechnical CommissionIFCInternational Finance CorporationIMFInternational Monetary FundIPintellectual propertyIPOinitial public offeringISOInternational Standards OrganizationITUInternational Telecommunication UnionKMTKuomintangMICMade in ChinaNBANational Basketball AssociationNDRCNational Development and Reform CommissionNEDNational Endowment for DemocracyNÚKIBNational Cyber and Information Security Agency (Czech Republic)PKUPeking UniversityPLAPeople’s Liberation ArmyPPEpersonal protective equipmentPRCPeople’s Republic of ChinaR&Dresearch and developmentRCEPRegional Comprehensive Economic PartnershipSCOShanghai Cooperation OrganizationSDGsSustainable Development GoalsSIASemiconductor Industry AssociationSSFStrategic Support ForceSOEsstate-owned enterprisesTCMtraditional Chinese medicineTHAADTerminal High Altitude and Area DefenseTRATaiwan Relations ActUFWDUnited Front Work DepartmentUMCUnited Microelectronics CorporationUN DESAUnited Nations Department of Social and Economic AffairsUNCLOSUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaUNHRCUnited Nations Human Rights CouncilUNIDOUnited Nations Industrial Development OrganizationWHAWorld Health AssemblyWHOWorld Health Organization

6 Acknowledgments

7 1. Politics and the Plague A Pandemic High The COVID-19 Test The Pandemic Goes Global A Period of Strategic Opportunity Wolves at the Door A Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed The Siren Call of Sovereignty The Recovery Mapping China’s Ambition, Influence, and Impact Conclusion Notes

8 2. Power, Power, Power From Black and White to Technicolor You Belong to Me The Dragon Meets the Double-Tailed Lion Catch More Flies with Honey Spreading the Word You Are Speaking My Language The Iron Fist in a Velvet Glove Expanding Capabilities May the Force Be with You Make New Friends Building a New Home Can’t Buy Me Love Conclusion Notes

9 3. Reunifying the Motherland The Sovereignty Mandate Taiwan A Rupture in Relations Creating Something from (Almost) Nothing Troubled Waters The X Factor Conclusion Notes

10 4. The Dragon’s Bite The Creation Story Getting a Piece of the Pie Money, Money, Money Bumps in the Road It’s Not Easy Being Green Two Steps Forward – One Step Back Securing Ourselves I’ve Got My Eye on You Not Everyone’s a Fan Trouble in Paradise The Chickens Come Home to Roost This Is Not the Hotel California Conclusion Notes