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Martin Jacques - When China Rules the World

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Название:
When China Rules the World
Автор:
Martin Jacques
Жанр:
Политика / на английском языке
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неизвестен
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For well over two hundred years we have lived in a western-made world, one where the very notion of being modern is inextricably bound up with being western. The twenty-first century will be different. The rise of China, India and the Asian tigers means that, for the first time, modernity will no longer be exclusively western. The west will be confronted with the fact that its systems, institutions and values are no longer the only ones on offer. The key idea of Martin Jacques's ground-breaking new book is that we are moving into an era of contested modernity. The central player in this new world will be China. Continental in size and mentality, China is a 'civilisation-state' whose characteristics, attitudes and values long predate its existence as a nation-state. Although clearly influenced by the west, its extraordinary size and history mean that it will remain highly distinct, and as it exercises its rapidly growing power it will change much more than the world's geo-politics. The nation-state as we understand it will no longer be globally dominant, and the Westphalian state-system will be transformed; ideas of race will be redrawn. This profound and far-sighted book explains for the first time the deeper meaning of the rise of China.
***
China Digital Times
Book Review: When China Rules the World
“When you’re alone and life is making you lonely, you can always go: downtown.” So warbled the British singer, Petula Clark in the 1960s. However, today if solitude is your constant companion, I would suggest that you purchase a copy of this riveting book and read it on the bus and in airports — as I have been doing in recent days, with the dramatic words on the bright red cover of this weighty tome blaring insistently — and no doubt you will find, as I have, that your reading reverie will be constantly interrupted by a stream of anxious interlopers curious to know what the future may hold.
For like Petula Clark, the author too hails from London, though the startling message he brings decidedly differs from her melancholy intervention. For it is the author’s conclusion that sooner rather than later, China — a nation ruled by a Communist Party — will have the most sizeable and powerful economy in the world and that this will have manifold economic, cultural, psychological (and racial) consequences. Strangely enough, Jacques — one of the better respected intellectuals in the North Atlantic community — does not dwell upon how this monumental turn of events occurred. To be sure, he pays obeisance to the leadership of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, who in 1978, opened China’s economy to massive inward foreign direct investment, which set the stage for the 21st Century emergence of the planet’s most populous nation. Yet, for whatever reason, Jacques — who once was a leading figure in the British Communist Party — does not deign to detail to the gentle reader how Beijing brokered an alliance with US imperialism, that helped to destabilize their mutual foe in Moscow, which prepared the path for the gargantuan capital infusion that has transformed China and bids fair to do the same for the world as a whole.
Still, it is noteworthy that this book’s back-cover carries blurbs from the conservative economic historian, Niall Ferguson of Harvard (Henry Kissinger’s authorized biographer); the leading historian, Eric Hobsbawm; the well-known Singaporean intellectual and leader, Kishore Mahbubani (who has written a book that mirrors Jacques’ earthshaking conclusions); and a raft of Chinese thinkers who do not seem displeased nor surprised by his findings.

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[868]Yu Bin, ‘ China and Russia: Normalizing Their Strategic Partnership’, in Shambaugh, Power Shift , p. 232. China has also managed to agree all its borders with its East Asian neighbours, the outstanding exception being those with India.

[869]Shambaugh, Power Shift , p. 30; John W. Garver, ‘ China ’s Influence in Central and South Asia: Is It Increasing?’, in Shambaugh, Power Shift , p. 211; and Yu Bin, ‘ China and Russia ’, p. 236.

[870]Zhang Yunling, East Asian Regionalism and China (Beijing: World Affairs Press, 2005), pp. 31- 2.

[871]Ibid., p. 67.

[872]Shambaugh, ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom? China and Asia in the Early Twenty-first Century’, in Shambaugh, Power Shift , pp. 26- 7.

[873]Quoted in David C. Kang, China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), p. 131.

[874]Anthony Reid, ‘Nationalisms in South East Asia ’, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore seminar paper, 24 January 2006.

[875]Shee Poon Kim, ‘East Asian New Regionalism: Toward Economic Integration? ’, Ritsumeikan International Affairs , 5, 2003, p. 70.

[876]Zhang Yunling, East Asian Regionalism and China , p. 3; Shee Poon Kim, ‘The Political Economy of Mahathir’s China Policy: Economic Cooperation, Political and Strategic Ambivalence’, Annual Review of International Studies , 3 (2004), p. 7.

[877]Shambaugh, ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom?’, p. 27.

[878]www.aseansec.org/16646.htm; and Wang Gungwu, ‘ China and Southeast Asia ’, p. 204.

[879]Zhang Yunling, East Asian Regionalism and China , p. 18.

[880]Shambaugh, Power Shift , p. 32; and Callahan, Contingent States , p. 71.

[881]Rex Li, ‘Security Challenge of an Ascendant China: Great Power Emergence and International Stability’, in Zhao, Chinese Foreign Policy , p. 28.

[882]Callahan, Contingent States , p. 66. An 8,000-strong contingent of Marines is based on Hainan Island for the purpose of defending China ’s claims.

[883]Zhang Yunling, ed., Designing East Asian FTA: Rationale and Feasibility (Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2006), p. 61; Nobutoshi Akao, ‘Re-energizing Japan’s Asean Policy’, AJISS-Commentary , 2 August 2007, posted on www.jiia.or.jp/en.

[884]Chu Shulong, ‘US Security Strategy in Asia and the Regional Security Regime: A Chinese View’, paper for IIPS International Conference, Tokyo, 30 November — 1 December 2004.

[885]Zhang Yunling, East Asian Regionalism and China , pp. 24, 29.

[886]David M. Lampton, ‘ China ’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America ’s Expense’, in Shambaugh, Power Shift , p. 312.

[887]Kim, ‘East Asian New Regionalism’, p. 65.

[888]Zhang and Tang, ‘ China ’s Regional Strategy’, pp. 52-3.

[889]Michael Yahuda, ‘The Evolving Asian Order: The Accommodation of Rising Chinese Power’, in Shambaugh, Power Shift , p. 349.

[890]Jim O’Neill et al., ‘ China and Asia ’s Future Monetary System’, Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper , 129 (12 September 2005), p. 11; for details of the Chiang Mai Initiative, see www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/bulletin2002/ch8.pdf.

[891]Zhang Yunling, East Asian Regionalism and China , p. 54.

[892]Ibid., p. 29; also Martin Wolf, ‘Asia Needs the Freedom of Its Own Monetary Fund’, Financial Times , 19 May 2004.

[893]Interview with Zhu Feng, Beijing, 16 November 2005.

[894]Zhu Feng, ‘Regionalism, Nationalism and China’s Regional Activism in East Asia’, unpublished paper, 2006, p. 4; and Takashi Inoguchi, ‘Nationalism, Globalisation and Regional Order in North-East Asia: The Case of Japan at the Dawn of the Century’, paper presented at conference on ‘Nationalism and Globalisation in North-East Asia’, Asia Research Centre, London School of Economics, 12 May 2007,

[895]Ibid., p. 6.

[896]Hideo Ohashi, ‘China’s Regional Trade and Investment Profile’, in Shambaugh, Power Shift , p. 72; Guillaume Gaulier, Françoise Lemoine, Deniz Ünal-Kesenci, ‘China’s Integration in East Asia: Production Sharing, FDI and High-Tech Trade’, CEPII Working Paper No. 2005 - 09 , pp. 35- 6.

[897]Wang Zhengyi, ‘Contending Regional Identity in East Asia: ASEAN Way and Its Implications’, unpublished paper, 2001, pp. 12–15. World Bank, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), Chapters 1, 4.

[898]Gaulier, Lemoine and Ünal-Kesenci, ‘ China ’s Integration in East Asia ’, p. 34.

[899]Zhang and Tang, ‘ China ’s Regional Strategy’, p. 51.

[900]Interview with Zhang Yunling, Beijing, 17 May 2006.

[901]Lampton, ‘ China ’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America ’s Expense’, p. 311.

[902]Zhang and Tang, ‘ China ’s Regional Strategy’, p. 62.

[903]Lampton, ‘ China ’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America ’s Expense’, p. 310.

[904]Jane Perlez, ‘Forests in Southeast Asia Fall to Prosperity’s Ax’, New York Times , 29 April 2006; ‘ China and the East Asia Survey’, The Economist , 5 May 2007.

[905]Zhang and Tang, ‘ China ’s Regional Strategy’, p. 62; and Ohashi, ‘ China ’s Regional Trade and Investment Profile’, p. 76.

[906]Lampton, ‘ China ’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America ’s Expense’, p. 311.

[907]Zhang and Tang, ‘ China ’s Regional Strategy’, p. 54.

[908]Interview with Zhang Yunling, Beijing, 17 May 2006.

[909]Interview with Yu Yongding, Singapore, 3 March 2006; Yu Yongding, ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, Nikkei Simbon Symposium, 5 April 2005, pp. 5, 7; Jim O’Neill et al., ‘ China and Asia ’s Future Monetary System’, p. 13.

[910]Ibid., p. 5; interview with Yu Yongding, Singapore, 3 March 2006.

[911]Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 105- 6.

[912]Clyde Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East (New York: Basic Books, 2006), pp. 229-30.

[913]Lampton, ‘ China ’s Rise in Asia Need Not Be at America ’s Expense’, pp. 307, 317.

[914]David Shambaugh, ‘ China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order’, International Security , 29: 3 (Winter 2004/5), p. 64.

[915]Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive , p. 98.

[916]Ibid., pp. 99-100; ‘ China ’s “Soft Power” Is Winning Allies in Asia ’, International Herald Tribune , 12 July 2007.

[917]Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive , pp. 102- 3.

[918]Shambaugh, ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom?’, p. 125.

[919]Quoted in Kang, China Rising , p. 127. This was a personal communication with the author.

[920]Kim, ‘The Political Economy of Mahathir’s China Policy’, pp. 1, 3–4, 11, 15–16; Wang Gungwu, ‘ China and Southeast Asia’, p. 191; and Garver, ‘ China ’s Influence in Central and South Asia,’ pp. 219- 20.

[921]Wang Gungwu, ‘ China and Southeast Asia ’, pp. 194, 198.

[922]Kim, ‘The Political Economy of Mahathir’s China Policy’, pp. 10–12.

[923]Ibid.

[924]Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (London: William Heinemann, 2003), pp. 25–44.

[925]Jae Ho Chung, ‘ China ’s Ascendancy and the Korean Peninsula: From Interest Revaluation to Strategic Realignment?’, in Shambaugh, Power Shift , pp. 151-62; Kang, China Rising , Chapter 5.