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Martin Jacques - When China Rules the World

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Название:
When China Rules the World
Автор:
Martin Jacques
Жанр:
Политика / на английском языке
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неизвестен
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For well over two hundred years we have lived in a western-made world, one where the very notion of being modern is inextricably bound up with being western. The twenty-first century will be different. The rise of China, India and the Asian tigers means that, for the first time, modernity will no longer be exclusively western. The west will be confronted with the fact that its systems, institutions and values are no longer the only ones on offer. The key idea of Martin Jacques's ground-breaking new book is that we are moving into an era of contested modernity. The central player in this new world will be China. Continental in size and mentality, China is a 'civilisation-state' whose characteristics, attitudes and values long predate its existence as a nation-state. Although clearly influenced by the west, its extraordinary size and history mean that it will remain highly distinct, and as it exercises its rapidly growing power it will change much more than the world's geo-politics. The nation-state as we understand it will no longer be globally dominant, and the Westphalian state-system will be transformed; ideas of race will be redrawn. This profound and far-sighted book explains for the first time the deeper meaning of the rise of China.
***
China Digital Times
Book Review: When China Rules the World
“When you’re alone and life is making you lonely, you can always go: downtown.” So warbled the British singer, Petula Clark in the 1960s. However, today if solitude is your constant companion, I would suggest that you purchase a copy of this riveting book and read it on the bus and in airports — as I have been doing in recent days, with the dramatic words on the bright red cover of this weighty tome blaring insistently — and no doubt you will find, as I have, that your reading reverie will be constantly interrupted by a stream of anxious interlopers curious to know what the future may hold.
For like Petula Clark, the author too hails from London, though the startling message he brings decidedly differs from her melancholy intervention. For it is the author’s conclusion that sooner rather than later, China — a nation ruled by a Communist Party — will have the most sizeable and powerful economy in the world and that this will have manifold economic, cultural, psychological (and racial) consequences. Strangely enough, Jacques — one of the better respected intellectuals in the North Atlantic community — does not dwell upon how this monumental turn of events occurred. To be sure, he pays obeisance to the leadership of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, who in 1978, opened China’s economy to massive inward foreign direct investment, which set the stage for the 21st Century emergence of the planet’s most populous nation. Yet, for whatever reason, Jacques — who once was a leading figure in the British Communist Party — does not deign to detail to the gentle reader how Beijing brokered an alliance with US imperialism, that helped to destabilize their mutual foe in Moscow, which prepared the path for the gargantuan capital infusion that has transformed China and bids fair to do the same for the world as a whole.
Still, it is noteworthy that this book’s back-cover carries blurbs from the conservative economic historian, Niall Ferguson of Harvard (Henry Kissinger’s authorized biographer); the leading historian, Eric Hobsbawm; the well-known Singaporean intellectual and leader, Kishore Mahbubani (who has written a book that mirrors Jacques’ earthshaking conclusions); and a raft of Chinese thinkers who do not seem displeased nor surprised by his findings.

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[800]Sautman and Kneehans, ‘The Politics of Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong ’, p. 17.

[801]Ibid., pp. 73-6. Thirteen per cent of Hong Kong families with children of twelve or older employ a foreign domestic worker; according to a survey by the Asian Migrant Centre, almost a quarter were abused; South China Morning Post , 15 February 2001. ‘Malaysian Jailed for Maid Attacks’, 27 November 2008, posted on www.bbc.co.uk/news.

[802]Sautman and Kneehans, ‘The Politics of Racial Discrimination in Hong Kong ’, pp. 21- 4.

[803]Ibid., p. 12.

[804]www.harinderveriah.com/articles.html.

[805]In fact, Indians have been living in Hong Kong since 1841.

[806]Chen, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’.

[807]Johnson, Race and Racism in the Chinas , p. 45.

[808]Ibid., pp. 50–51.

[809]Ibid., pp. 76-7.

[810]Dikötter, The Discourse of Race in Modern China , p. 194.

[811]Dikötter, The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan , pp. 25- 6; Erin Chung, ‘Anti-Black Racism in China ’ (12 April 2005) and ‘Nanjing Anti-African Protests of 1988- 89’, posted on www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2005/04/nanjing_antiafr.php.

[812]Johnson, Race and Racism in the Chinas , pp. 48, 50, 71.

[813] New York Times , 19 January 1989, cited by Johnson, Race and Racism in the Chinas , p. 46.

[814]Ibid., pp. 41, 44–50.

[815]Jennifer Brea, ‘ Beijing Police Round Up and Beat African Expats’, Guardian , 26 September 2007.

[816]Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, ‘Friends and Interests: China ’s Distinctive Links with Africa ’, African Studies Reviews 50: 3 (December 2007), p. 91.

[817]Ibid., pp. 147- 8.

[818]This was published on www.ncn.org. See also Martin Jacques, ‘The Middle Kingdom Mentality’, Guardian , 16 April 2005.

[819]Johnson, Race and Racism in the Chinas , p. 91.

[820]Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , pp. 139- 46, 156-7; and Hughes, Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era , pp. 111-12.

[821]Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism under the Shadow of Globalisation’, lecture at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 7 February 2005, p. 1.

[822]Quoted in Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , p. 153.

[823]Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism under the Shadow of Globalisation’, p. 1.

[824]Quoted in Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , pp. 154- 5.

[825]Ibid., p. 155.

[826]Johnson, Race and Racism in the Chinas , pp. 123, 125, 132- 3, 137.

[827]Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (London: William Heinemann, 2003), pp. 28–46.

[828]Interview with Richard Oh, Jakarta, February 2004.

[829]James Kynge, China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), p. 203; and Lovell, The Great Wall , p. 87.

[830]Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics , p. 56.

[831]Chinese Cultural Center, San Francisco, conference ‘In Search of Roots’, 28 February 1998.

[832]Evan Leong, ‘Are You Chinese?’ paper presented at the same conference.

[833]Ibid., p. 9.

[834]Ibid., p. 11.

[835]Callahan, Contingent States , pp. 5, 22, 41.

[836]Hideo Ohashi, ‘ China ’s Regional Trade and Investment Profile’, in David Shambaugh, ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 83.

[837]Michael Fullilove, ‘Chinese Diaspora Carries Torch for Old Country’, Financial Times , 18 May 2008; Geoff Dyer and Peter Smith, ‘Chinese Rally to the Torch in Australia ’, Financial Times , 21 April 2008; ‘ Seoul Raps Chinese Protesters at Torch Rally’, South China Morning Post , 29 April 2008; ‘Chinese-Australians in Large Show of Support for Torch’, South China Morning Post , 25 April 2008. Also Erik Eckholm, ‘Chinese Abroad Exult in Glory of Olympics’, International Herald Tribune , 12 August 2008.

[838]According to the 1999 census; Zhao, Nation-State by Construction , pp. 192- 3. Also, Robyn Iredale, Naran Bilik, Wang Su, Fei Guo and Caroline Hoy, Contemporary Minority Migration, Education and Ethnicity in China (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2001).

[839]Interview with Wang Xiaodong, Beijing, August 2005.

[840]Interview with Huang Ping, Beijing, May 2006.

[841]Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel , p. 323.

[842]Jenner, ‘Race and History in China ’, p. 57.

[843]Interview with Huang Ping, Beijing, May 2006.

[844]Ibid.

[845]Quoted in Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China , 2nd edn (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999) p. 679.

[846]Chen, ‘Notes on Han Chinese Racism’.

[847]Interview with Lu Liang, Taipei, March 1999.

[848]Fairbank, The Chinese World Order , pp. 36- 8.

[849]Martin Jacques, ‘Global Hierarchy of Race’, Guardian , 20 September 2003.

[850]Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction , p. 51.

[851]Yan Xuetong, ‘The Rise of China in Chinese Eyes’, Journal of Contemporary China , 10: 26 (2001), pp. 33-4.

[852]Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics , p. 50.

[853]Shi Anbin, ‘Mediating Chinese-ness: Identity Politics and Media Culture in Contemporary China’, in Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen, eds, Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia (Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), p. 19.

[854]Thomas Fuller, ‘ Asia Builds a New Road to Prosperity’, International Herald Tribune , 31 March 2008.

[855]Zhang Yunling and Tang Shiping, ‘ China ’s Regional Strategy’, in David Shambaugh, ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), pp. 51-2.

[856]John King Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 10–11; Alexander Vuving, ‘Traditional and Modern Sino-Vietnamese Relations’, in Anthony Reid and Zheng Yangwen, eds, Negotiating Asymmetry: China’s Place in Asia (Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), p. 2.

[857]Seo-Hyun Park, ‘ Small States and the Search for Sovereignty in Sinocentric Asia: The Case of Japan and Korea in the Late Nineteenth Century’, in Reid and Zheng, Negotiating Asymmetry , pp. 3- 10.

[858]William A. Callahan, Contingent States (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), pp. 88- 9.

[859]Park, ‘ Small States, and the Search for Sovereighty in Sinocentity Asia’, pp. 3- 11.

[860]Chung-in Moon and Seung-won Suh, ‘Overcoming History: The Politics of Identity and Nationalism’, Global Asia , 2: 1, (5 April 2007), pp. 35-6.

[861]David C. Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks’, International Security , 27: 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 66- 7.

[862]Ibid., p. 11; Callahan, Contingent States , p. 89.

[863]Suisheng Zhao, ed., Chinese Foreign Policy (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), p. 256.

[864]Wang Gungwu, ‘ China and Southeast Asia’, in Shambaugh, Power Shift , p. 197; Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong’, p. 84.

[865]Though the ASEAN countries importantly did not condemn China, see David Shambaugh, ‘Return to the Middle Kingdom? China and Asia in the Early Twenty-first Century’, in Shambaugh, Power Shift , p. 26.

[866]It became merely a consultative partner of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994.

[867]Wang Jisi, ‘ China ’s Changing Role in Asia ’, p. 4, available at www.irchina.org.