Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

115. Best, D17844, 1 Aug. 1772 NS.

116. Quoted in G. MacDonogh, Frederick the Great (London, 1999), 116.

117. SIRIO , i: 272, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 17 May 1765.

118. Best. D13032, C. to Voltaire, 28 Nov. 1765; Wilson, Diderot , 466–7.

119. Best. D13433, C. to Voltaire, 9 July 1766; Madariaga, Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia (London, 1998), 215–35.

120. Quoted in W. Sunderland, Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 79–80.

121. R. Bartlett, ‘The Free Economic Society: The Foundation Years and the Prize Essay Competition of 1766 on Peasant Property’, in Russland zur Zeit Katharinas II: Absolutismus, Aufklärung, Pragmatismus , eds. E. Hübner, J. Kusber, P. Nitsche (Cologne, 1998), 181–3, 186, 197. The extent of Voltaire’s involvement is revealed by V. A. Somov, ‘Dva otveta Vol’tera na peterburgskom konkurse o krest’ianskoi sobstvennosti’, in Evropeiskoe Prosveshchenie i tsivilizatsiia Rossii , ed. S. Ia. Karp (M, 2004), 150–65.

122. Ransel, Mothers of Misery , 45.

123. Shcherbatov, 251, 253.

124. SIRIO i: 268, C. to Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.

1. SIRIO , clxi: 73, Bausset to Praslin, 9 May 1766; 73, Rossignol to Louis XV, 13 May; 83, Bausset to Choiseul, 27 May.

2. Bentham, ii: 124, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 3 June 1778.

3. Quoted in Madariaga, 151.

4. SIRIO, i: 268–9, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.

5. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768’, in Days from the Reigns , ed. Cross, ii: 185–6.

6. Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767 in the English text of 1768 , ed. W. F. Reddaway (Cambridge, 1931), 284, art. 457.

7. On the elections, see Madariaga, 140–9.

8. Best. D14091, C. to Voltaire, 26 Mar. 1767.

9. Poroshin, 239, 29 July 1765; 251, 10 Aug.

10. G. V. Ibneeva, Puteshestviia Ekateriny II: Opyt ‘osvoeniia’ imperskogo prostranstva (Kazan’, 2006), 80; Bessarabova, 58, 43; Kutepov, Tsarskaia okhota , 70–1.

11. A. V. Gorbunova, ‘Triumfal’nye vorota Tverskoi gubernii vo II polovine XVIII v.’, in Russkaia kul’tura XVII–XX vv. , 3 (Tver’, 2005), 30–2.

12. [I. I. Stafengagen], Geograficheskoe opisanie reki Volgi ot Tveri do Dmitrevska dlia puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva po onoi reke (St Petersburg, n.d. [1767]), unpaginated, SK , 6847. The Academy also prepared more detailed maps.

13. D. Ostrowski, ‘The Assembly of the Land ( Zemskii sobor ) as a representative institution’, in Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and social change in seventeenth-century Russia , eds. J. Kotilaine and M. Poe (London 2004), 117–42, suggests that these assemblies were adapted from the Tatar khanates’ quriltai .

14. SIRIO , x: 180, C. to Bielke, 28 Apr. 1767; Falconet, 14, C. to Falconet, 27 Mar.

15. Pis’ma Saltykovu , 47, 19 July 1766; 48, 6 Aug.

16. Falconet, 5, C. to Falconet, 18 Feb. 1767.

17. KfZh (1767), 42–87.

18. Pis’ma Saltykovu , 56, 24 Apr. 1767.

19. KfZh (1767), 83.

20. Slovo o dushe zakonov v publichnom sobranii Imperatorskago Moskovskago Universiteta Aprelia 23. dnia, 1767. goda govorennoe Iogannom Matfiem Shadenom (M, 1767).

21. KfZh (1767), 92; SIRIO , x: 183, C. to Panin, 30 Apr. 1767.

22. Ibid., 186, C. to Panin, 3 May 1767; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 26; KfZh (1767), 98–101.

23. KfZh (1767), 103–6; SIRIO , xlii: 353, C. to Paul, 5 May 1767.

24. Alexander, 105.

25. Quoted in V. M Zhivov, Razyskaniia v oblasti istorii i predistorii russkoi kul’tury (M, 2002), 449.

26. Sochineniia , v: 1–29; Ibneeva, Puteshestviia Ekateriny , 220–9; F.-X. Coquin, ‘Un inédit de Marmontel: épître à Sa Majesté Catherine II’, in La France et les français à Saint-Petersbourg XVIII—XIX siècles (SPb, 2005), 11–25.

27. SIRIO , x: 187, C. to Marmontel, 7 May 1767.

28. Pis’ma Saltykovu , 59, 8 May 1767.

29. KfZh (1767), 123–5; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 30–3; W. Daniel, ‘Conflict between Economic Vision and Economic Reality: The Case of M. M. Shcherbatov’, SEER , 67 (1989), 60–4.

30. KfZh (1767), 129–30.

31. SIRIO , x: 190, C. to Panin, 13 May 1767. The 51 nobles presented on 10 May are listed at KfZh (1767), 394–6.

32. I. Syrtsov, Arkhipastyri kostromskoi eparkhii za 150 let eia sushchestvovaniia (1745–1898 gg.) (Kostroma, 1898), 16–19, 21–2; KfZh (1767), 137, 147; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 35.

33. KfZh (1767), 137–47; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 35.

34. G. V. Lukomskii, Kostroma: Istoricheskii ocherk (SPb, 1913), 171–2. KfZh (1767), 139, says that a new tsar’s place was built.

35. L. I. Zoziula and E. G. Shcheboleva, ‘Ekaterina v usad’be Kniazei Kozlovskikh’, in Mir russkoi usad’by , ed. L. V. Ivanova (M, 1995), 141–2; KfZh (1767), 148–51, Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 37; SIRIO , xlii: 354, C. to Paul, 18 May 1767.

36. Alexander, 108.

37. See AKV , xxxiv: 32–5, for the case of the Pyskorskii monastery in the 1750s.

38. Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 38.

39. SIRIO , x: 199–200, C. to Dimtrii, 22 May 1767; KfZh (1767), 155–6; [Arkhimandrit Feodosii] , Istoricheskoe opisanie Feodorovskago monastyria (Nizhnii Novgorod, 1890), 20–1, 33–4.

40. SIRIO , x: 199–200, C. to Dimtrii, 22 May 1767.

41. D. Mackenzie Wallace, Russia (London, 1912 edn.), 304. Ibneeva, Puteshestvie Ekateriny , 87–110, has significant new material on the schism.

42. SIRIO , x: 201, C. to Panin, 22 May 1767. cf. Chappe d’Auteroche, Voyage en Sibérie , ed. Mervaud, ii: 275: ‘La ville est aussi désagréable par la façon dont elle est batie, qu’agréable par sa situation.’

43. Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 39–40.

44. KfZh (1767), 158–68.

45. SIRIO , x: 192–3; Cross, 74–9 (77).

46. V. N. Pinunirov, N. M. Raskin, Ivan Petrovich Kulibin 1735–1818 (Leningrad, 1986), 30–45.

47. KfZh (1767), 145.

48. P. W. Werth, ‘Armed Defiance and Biblical Appropriation: Assimilation and the Transformation of Mordvin Resistance, 1740–1814’, Nationalities Papers , 27 (1999), 249–55; idem , At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance and Confessional Politics in Russia’s Volga-Kama Region, 1827–1905 (Ithaca, NY, 2002), 22–35.

49. KfZh (1767), 170–2; SIRIO , x: 202, 207, C. to Panin, 25 May and 3 June 1767.

50. RA (1870), nos. 4–5, 758–63, C. to I. I. Melissino, 24 May and 4 June 1767.

51. Pis’ma Ekateriny II k Adamu Vasil’evichu Olsuf’evu, 1762–1783 (M, 1863), 81, 30 May 1767.

52. R. P. Bartlett, ‘Julius von Canitz and the Kazan’ Gimnazii in the Eighteenth Century’, CASS , 14 (1980), 343–4, 358–9; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 44.

53. N. D. Chechulin, Russkoe provintsial’noe obshchestvo (SPb, 1889), 27–34, 60–2, remains the only general study.

54. Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 43.

55. KfZh (1767), 185, 191, 193.

56. Best. D14219, C. to Voltaire, 29 May 1767.

57. Geograficheskoe opisanie , n.p.

58. Quoted in Bartlett, Human Capital , 94.

59. KfZh (1767), 231.