Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

43. The rooms formerly occupied by C. are now largely given over to the Hermitage Museum’s collection of French painting of the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries and German drawing of the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries.

44. V. Shvarts, Leningrad: Art and Architecture (Leningrad, 1986), 54.

45. SIRIO , xii: 257, Cathcart to Weymouth, 19 Aug. 1768.

46. Wraxall, 241.

47. Poroshin, 76, 2 Nov. 1764.

48. SIRIO , i: 260, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 6 Nov. 1764.

49. Poroshin, 240, 31 July 1765.

50. Lettres au Prince de Ligne , 40, 9 Mar. 1781.

51. S. Lovell, Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710–2000 (Ithaca, NY, 2003), 9 (piano keys), 11 (Derzhavin translation).

52. KfZh (1766), 12; (1765), 92, 10 June; Poroshin, 230–1, 22 July 1765.

53. KfZh (1766), 12, 36, 37.

54. Pis’ma Saltykovu , 15, 7 July 1763.

55. V. V. Shevtsov, Kartochnaia igra v Rossii (konets XVI—nachalo XX v.): Istoriia igry i istoriia obshchestva (Tomsk, 2005), 27–30, summarises C’s subsequent legislation.

56. V. Maikov, ‘Igrok lombera’ (1763), in Izbrannye proizvedeniia , ed. A.V. Zapadov (Leningrad, 1966), 55–71.

57. KfZh (1765), 18–21, 23–4; Poroshin, 169–70, 1 Feb. 1765.

58. Poroshin, 365–6, 25 Dec. 1765.

59. M. S. Konopleva, Teatral’nyi zhivopisets Dzhuseppe Valeriani: Materialy k biografii i istorii tvorchestva (Leningrad, 1948), 22–3.

60. K. A. Pisarenko, ed., ‘Pis’ma Barona A.S. Stroganova ottsu iz-za granitsei’, Rossiiskii arkhiv: Istoriia Otechestva v svidetel’stvakh i dokumentakh XVIII—XX vv ., New Series, 14 (M, 2005), 28 (Cambridge), and passim .

61. R. P. Gray, Russian Genre Painting in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2000), 23–4.

62. ‘Pis’ma Barona A. S. Stroganova’, 13–14, 16, 17, (36).

63. V. A. Somov, ‘Krug chteniia Peterburgskogo obshchestva v nachale 1760-kh godov (iz istorii biblioteki grafa A. S. Stroganova)’, XVIII vek , 22 (SPb, 2002), 200–34.

64. Idem, ‘“Kabinet dlia chteniia grafa Stroganova” (inostrannyi fond)’, in Vek Prosveshcheniia, 1: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul’tury v epokhu Ekateriny II (M, 2006), 234–5.

65. Sochineniia , xii: 404.

66. SIRIO , xii: 256–7, Macartney to Grafton 4/15 Apr. 1766.

67. AKV , xxxi: 331–2, C. to M. L. Vorontsov, 2 Dec. 1765. Stroganov’s divorce petition, dated 2 July 1765, is at AKV , xxxiv: 351–2. On the Synod’s growing interest in such matters, see G. L. Freeze, ‘Bringing order to the Russian family: marriage and divorce in imperial Russia, 1760–1860’, Journal of Modern History , 62 (1990), 709–48.

68. Poroshin, 167, 22 Feb. 1765; 177, 27 Feb.; SIRIO , xii: 257, 4/15 Apr. 1766.

69. AKV , xxi: 48. Stroganov also attended C. at her coronation day banquets in 1764 and 1765: Poroshin, 14, 22 Sept. 1764; 288, 22 Sept. 1765.

70. Proschwitz, 147, C. to Gustav III, 6 May 1780; Khrapovitskii, 11, 26 June 1786.

71. Shcherbatov, 231.

72. Correspondance , 85, Williams to C., 26 Aug. 1756; 8 Aug., C. to Williams.

73. Sochineniia , xii: 305–6.

74. Despatches , ii: 224 (Russian memoranda).

75. Harris Diaries, i: 227, 20 Jan. 1779.

76. Sochineniia , xii: 56.

77. Ibid., 557, C. to Poniatowski, 9 Aug. 1762.

78. SIRIO , xii: 126, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 22 Aug. 1763 NS; ibid., i: 266, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 20 Feb. 1765; Sochineniia , xii: 5.

79. See, for example, Despatches , ii: 221, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 10 Feb. 1763 NS.

80. Poroshin, 245–6, 5 Aug. 1765. For a similar observatory at the Winter Palace, ibid., 305–6, 9 Oct. 1765.

81. R. P. Bartlett, Human Capital: The settlement of foreigners in Russia, 1762–1804 (Cambridge, 1979), 42–3 (C.’s initiative), 47, 66–8, 91–4, 99–102.

82. Quoted in Alexander, 98.

83. KfZh (1766), 17–18.

84. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764, passim .

85. I. Petrovskaia, V. Somina, Teatral’nyi Peterburg: Nachalo XVIII veka-Oktiabr’ 1917 goda (SPb, 1994), 53–64.

86. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764 and passim .

87. Poroshin, 102, 25 Nov. 1764.

88. Shtelin, Muzyka , 222, para. 65; J. T. Alexander, ‘Catherine the Great and the Theatre’, in Russian Society and Culture and the Long Eighteenth Century: Essays in Honour of Anthony Cross , eds. R. Bartlett and L. Hughes (Münster, 2004), 121.

89. Shtelin, Muzyka , 218–9, para. 63; MP , i: 228; Poroshin, 347, 26 Nov. 1765.

90. On the proliferation of such spectacles, see H. Watanabe O’Kelly, Triumphall Shews: Tournaments at German-speaking Courts in their European Context, 1560–1730 (Berlin, 1992).

91. Poroshin, 157, 12 Jan. 1765; 225, 11 July.

92. E. S. Shchukina, Dva veka russkoi medali (M, 2000), 76; Alekseeva, Mikhailo Makhaev , 221–3.

93. A. Cross, ‘Professor Thomas Newberry’s Letter from St Petersburg, 1766, on the Grand Carousel and Other Matters’, SEER , 76 (1998), 490–2. On the literary context of the carousel, V. Proskurina, Mify imperii: Literatura i vlast’ v epokhu Ekateriny II (M, 2006), 11–19.

94. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 47, 1 July 1766; Tooke, ii: 79.

95. Poroshin, 18, 27 Sept. 1764; Alexander, ‘Catherine the Great and the Theatre’, 121–2.

96. PSZ , xvi: 11, 631, 3 Aug. 1762.

97. N. D. Chechulin, Ocherki po istorii russkikh finansov v tsarstvovanie Ekateriny II (SPb, 1906), 281–3 (283).

98. Beales, Joseph II , 157–8.

99. For detailed references to this section, see my ‘Religious Ritual at the Eighteenth-Century Russian Court’, in Monarchy and Religion , ed. M. Schaich, 217–48.

100. Poroshin, 6 Jan. 1765; 9, 12 Jan. (illness); 371, 6 Jan. 1766.

101. P. Klimov, ed., Religioznyi Peterburg (SPb, 2004), 73–87; Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual’, 226–7.

102. Poroshin, 336, 13 Nov. 1765; Shtelin, Muzyka , 55, 57–8, paras 6–7.

103. Bil’basov, ii: 156–8; Wortman, Scenarios , 120–1; K. A. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (Petr Levshin, 1737–1812) (Newtonville MA, 1983), 8–9.

104. Bil’basov, ii: 165–7; KfZh (1763), 86–107, ‘Pokhodnyi zhurnal puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva v Rostov’.

105. N. I. Zav’ialova, ‘Usad’ba Taininskoe: Istoriia Dvortsovaia ostrova i nekotorye problemy ego sokhraneniia’, Russkaia usad’ba , 7 (2001), 306–23, photo at p. 315.

106. SIRIO , vii: 287, C. to Panin, 22 May 1763.

107. Ibid., 288, same to same, May 1763; J. Hartley, ‘Philanthropy in the Reign of Catherine the Great’, in Bartlett and Hartley, eds., Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment , 176.

108. SIRIO , vii: 288, C. to Panin, undated.

109. KfZh (1763), 172–3; Klimov, ed., Religioznyi Peterburg , 74–5.

110. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon , 13, quoting Poroshin.

111. P. Bushkovitch, ‘The Clergy at the Russian Court, 1689–1796’, in Monarchy and Religion , ed. Schaich, 124, quoting Poroshin.

112. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon , 10–11. The examination was on 12 Sept. following a private ‘rehearsal’ four days earlier.

113. Richardson, 225.

114. See E. Kimerling Wirtschafter, ‘20 September 1765: Tsesarevich Paul’s Eleventh Birthday and Father Platon’s “Sermon on Learning”’, in Days from the Reigns , ed. Cross, ii: 163–71.