Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

60. Ibid., 231–2.

61. Maikov, Izbrannye proizvedeniia , 292–5; SIRIO , x: 221–34.

62. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 47, 1 July 1766; 49, 10 Aug., 1 Sept.; (54), 29 Dec.; 59–60, 30 May 1767; KfZh (1767), 259.

63. KfZh (1767), 233–4, 262.

64. Ibid., 234–5, 266; E. N. Savinova, ‘Dvortsovaia votchina Pakhrino XVII—seredina XIX v.’, Russkaia usad’ba , 7 (2001), 296, 301.

65. V. O. Vitt, Iz istorii russkogo konnozavodtsva: Sozdanie novykh porod loshadei na rubezhe XVIII—XIX stoletii (M, 1952), 16.

66. Kutepov, Tsarskaia okhota , 71, 94–5.

67. KfZh (1767), 247–55, esp. 253.

68. Ibid., 273–6; Alexander, 112–3; Omel’chenko, 114–5.

69. Falconet, 25, C. to Falconet, 12 Oct. 1767.

70. W. G. Jones, ‘The Spirit of the Nakaz : Catherine II’s Literary Debt to Montesquieu’, SEER , 76 (1998), 662.

71. P. Dukes, Catherine the Great and the Russian Nobility (Cambridge, 1967), 80.

72. Dixon, ‘Posthumous Reputation’, 673; Diderot, ‘Observations sur le Nakaz ’, in Oeuvres , ed. L. Versini (Paris, 1995), iii: 537, para. 57.

73. Madariaga, Politics and Culture , 231, 235–61; Ransel, Politics , 178–84.

74. Madariaga, 156, 158–9, 554.

75. This point was echoed in Maikov’s ‘Ode on the occasion of the election of deputies to compose a new Code of Laws in 1767’, Izbrannye sochineniia , 201, stanza 12.

76. Documents of Catherine the Great , ed. Reddaway, arts. 156, 123, 222, 240, 245, 265.

77. SIRIO , xii: 304–5, Shirley to Conway, 13/24 Aug. 1767.

78. Ibid., 307.

79. Madariaga, 161–2, 166.

80. Omel’chenko, 134.

81. Madariaga, 165. Phil Withington generously discussed this point with me.

82. Best. D14611, C. to Voltaire, c . 22 Dec. 1767.

83. SIRIO , x: 216; Madariaga, Politics and Culture , 137–43; D. Beales, ‘Joseph II, petitions and the public sphere’, in Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century , eds. H. Scott and B. Simms (Cambridge, 2007), 257.

84. O. A. Ivanov, Graf Aleksei Grigor’evich Orlov-Chesmenskii v Moskve (M, 2002), 33–40; SIRIO , xii: 302, Shirley to Conway, 28 May 1767; KfZh (1767), 375–6.

85. KfZh (1767), 367–8.

86. Falconet, 25, C. to Falconet, 12 Oct. 1767.

87. Omel’chenko, 118–24.

88. KfZh (1768), 20–2, 32; SIRIO , x: 277, 279, C. to Panin, 24, 27, 28 Jan. 1768.

89. C. Burney, A General History of Music from the Earliest Ages to the Present Period , 4 vols. (London, 1789), iv: 540.

90. KfZh (1768), 74–8; Shtelin, Muzyka , 57–9, 234. MP , i: 231–2, has the date wrong.

91. KfZh (1768), 80–1. Betskoy was also promoted: see N. N. Bantysh-Kamenskii, Spiski kavalerov Rossiiskikh Imperatorskikh ordenov (M, 2006 edn.), 90.

92. SIRIO , xxxvi: 139, Solms to Frederick, 22 Feb. 1768.

93. SIRIO , x: 282–3, C. to Saltykov, 6 Mar. 1768.

94. KfZh (1768), 36, 54, 70.

95. See, for example, Poroshin, 313, 19 Oct. 1765.

96. SIRIO , x: C. to Elagin, 5 May 1768.

97. KfZh (1768), 83–4, 87–8, 96, 99–104; Pis’ma Saltykovu , 69, 31 May 1768.

98. SIRIO , x: 295, C. to Panin, 8 June 1768.

99. PSZ , xviii: 13,066, 19 Jan. 1768.

100. Falconet, 59, C. to Falconet, 14 July 1768.

101. Religioznyi Peterburg , ed. Klimov, 128–31; Iu. I. Kitner, ‘Kistorii stroitel’stva tserkvi Isaakiia Dalmatskogo v Peterburge’, PKNO , 1993 (M, 1994), 449–53; A. Buccaro, et al, Antonio Rinaldi: architetto vanvitelliano a San Pietroburgo (Milan, 2003), 74–6, 122–5.

102. KfZh (1768), 132–8; (1769), 9, 7 Jan.; Falconet, 63–4, C. to Falconet, 17 July 1768; A. E. Ukhnalev, Mramornyi dvorets v Sankt-Peterburge: Vek vosemnadtsatyi (SPb, 2002).

103. Richardson, 16–17.

104. KfZh (1768), 154, 156–67.

105. Richardson, 19. [Platon], Pouchitel’nye slova pri Vysochaishem Dvore Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva…s 1763 goda po 1780 god (M, 1780), ii: 183–4, 189.

106. A. Cross, ‘8 August 1768: The Laying of the Foundation Stone of Rinaldi’s St Isaac’s Cathedral’, in Days from the Reigns , ed. Cross, ii: 178, 184.

107. Quoted in A. M. Schenker, The Bronze Horseman: Falconet’s Monument to Peter the Great (New Haven, CT, 2003), 102.

108. Falconet, 48, Falconet to C., 13 June 1768.

109. Ibid., 52, C. to Falconet, 14 June 1768.

110. Ibid., 56–7, C. to Falconet, 1 July 1768.

111. Schenker, Bronze Horseman , 114–5.

112. SIRIO , xii: 360, Cathcart to Weymouth, 19 Aug. 1767.

113. Madariaga, 167–78.

114. Sochineniia , xii: 617.

115. Best. D14611, C. to Voltaire, c . 22 Dec. 1767.

116. Sochineniia , xii: 170.

117. Madariaga, 170–83; Ransel, Politics , 186–90; W. R. Augustine, ‘Notes toward a Portrait of the Eighteenth-Century Nobility’, Canadian Slavic Studies , 4 (1970).

118. L. Hughes, ‘Seeing the Sights in Eighteenth-Century Russia: the Moscow Kremlin’, in Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy , eds. R. Bartlett and G. Lehmann-Carli (Münster, 2007), 326.

119. Richardson, 76; Madariaga, 168, 203–4.

1. SIRIO , xii: 289–90, Macartney to Conway, 28 Nov. 1766.

2. The standard account is H. M. Scott, The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775 (Cambridge, 2001), here 43–4.

3. SIRIO , xii: 232, Macartney to Grafton, 5 Nov. 1765.

4. AKV , xiii: 19, A. A. Bezborodko to R. L. Vorontsov, Smolensk, 3 July 1780.

5. AKV , xxi: 112.

6. Madariaga, 188–9.

7. The most detailed treatment of these developments is now B. V. Nosov, Ustanovlenie rossiiskogo gospodstva v Rechi Pospolitoi, 1756–1768 gg. (M, 2004), here 98–102, 119, which underscores the scale of Chernyshëv’s ambitions later in the decade.

8. Translated in A. Lentin, Enlightened Absolutism (1760–1790): A Documentary Sourcebook (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1985), 220.

9. Scott, Emergence , 104–5.

10. SIRIO , vii: 321.

11. H. M. Scott, ‘France and the Polish Throne, 1763–1764’, SEER , 53 (1975), 370–88.

12. SIRIO , vii: 373–4.

13. Scott, Emergence , 65–7; Madariaga, 192.

14. T. Schieder, Frederick the Great , ed. and trans. S. Berkeley and H. M. Scott (London, 2000), 151.

15. H. M. Scott, ‘Frederick II, the Ottoman Empire and the origins of the Russo-Prussian alliance of April 1764’, European Studies Review 7 (1977), 153–75.

16. Quoted in Scott, Emergence , 121. The ship carrying Chernyshëv’s uninsured possessions on his return in the following year sank off Kronstadt with an estimated loss of 200,000 roubles. Only his English horses were saved: SIRIO , clxiii: 71, Sabatier to Choiseul, 15 Dec. 1769.

17. SIRIO , xii: 244, Macartney to Grafton, 11 Feb. 1766; Madariaga, 193–4.

18. Madariaga, 206.

19. SIRIO , xiii: 408, C. to Grimm, 19 June 1774; Alexander, 143–5.

20. SIRIO , xx: 246, C. to Frederick II, 5 Dec. 1768.

21. R. P. Bartlett, ‘Russia in the Eighteenth-Century European Adoption of Inoculation for Smallpox’, in Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century , eds. R. P. Bartlett, A. G. Cross and K. Rasmussen (Columbus, OH, 1988), 193–213; D. Beales, ‘Social Forces and Enlightened Policies’, in Enlightened Absolutism , ed. H. M. Scott (London, 1990), 49–50.