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Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

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Название:
Catherine the Great
Автор:
Simon Dixon
Издательство:
HarperCollins
Жанр:
История / на английском языке
Год:
2009
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978-0-06-187179-5
Рейтинг книги:
3 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Catherine the Great: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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In 1745 a little-known German princess named Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst married the nephew of Empress Elizabeth of Russia. Seventeen years later she overthrew her husband to become Catherine the Great, one of the most celebrated monarchs in history, turning eighteenth-century Russia into arguably the largest and most powerful state since the fall of the Roman Empire.
Admired for her achievements and satirized for her personal life, she wrote the most revealing memoirs by any European ruler. She promoted radical political ideas and emphasized moderation in government. Ruthless when necessary, she charmed everyone she met, joking at private dinner parties in the Hermitage, which she had built for her own use. Determined to endear herself to the Russians, she made religious devotions in which she never believed.
Intimate and revealing, Simon Dixon’s new biography examines the lifelong friendships that sustained the empress throughout her personal life, and places her within the context of the royal court: its politics, its flourishing literature, and the very culture that became central to her exercise of absolute power.

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101. A. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla (M, 2001) 33–94.

102. Best. D16711, C. to Voltaire, 7/18 Oct. 1770; Richardson, 327.

103. Best. D16825, C. to Voltaire, 4/15 Dec. 1770; D17081, 3/14 Mar. 1771. For Voltaire’s reply, see D16984, 22 Jan. 1771 NS.

104. Best. D16683, Voltaire to C., 2 Oct. 1770 NS.

105. Alexander, Bubonic Plague , 101–2, 107, 115, 118.

106. Best., D17443, Voltaire to C., 12 Nov. 1771 NS. See also D16747, 6 Nov. 1770 NS.

107. Alexander, Bubonic Plague , 150–61 and passim .

108. Beales, Joseph II , 286–94 (289).

109. Beales, Joseph II , 282–4; Madariaga, 221–3 (222); Lukowski, Partitions of Poland (64), 68–74.

110. SIRIO , xiii: 116, C. to Panin, 19 June 1771. This was barely six weeks after the edict banning corporal punishment for liveried servants, suggesting a clear distinction between the two groups in C.’s mind.

111. Ibid., 117, C. to Panin, 23 June.

112. SIRIO , clxiii: 309, Sabatier to Aiguillon, 12 July NS.

113. SIRIO , xiii: 142, C. to Bielke, 30 July 1770; 149, 29 Aug. See also clxiii: 321, Sabatier to Aiguillon, 9 Aug. NS.

114. Alexander, Bubonic Plague , 186–201 (204).

115. Best. D17407, C. to Voltaire, 6/17 Oct. 1771.

116. PSZ , xix: 13,689, 26 Oct. 1771.

117. Alexander, Bubonic Plague , 253.

118. Best. D17341, C. to Voltaire, 14/25 Aug. 1771. The temple of memory was ultimately designed by Charles Cameron and destroyed by order of Paul I in 1797.

119. Falconet, 134, Falconet to C., 14 Aug. 1770; SIRIO , x: 431; Shchukina, Dva veka russkoi medali , 65–70.

120. SIRIO , xiii: 238, C. to Bielke, 28 Apr. 1772.

121. Cross, 266–73; D. Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect: British Architecture and Gardens at the Court of Catherine the Great (New Haven, CT, 1996), 172–81; I. Iakovkin, Opisanie sela tsarskago (SPb, 1830), 32–4.

122. Cross, 269.

123. Satiricheskie zhurnaly , 96, 28 July 1769. The second edition of The Drone was dedicated to Naryshkin: see ibid., 45, and SK , iv: 202.

124. Sovremennik , 38 (1853), 96–101; KfZh (1772), 297–302. For an earlier entertainment at Leventhal, see KfZh (1770), 157–60.

125. N. Wraxall, A Tour through some of the Northern Parts of Europe , 3rd edn. (London, 1776), 213.

126. SIRIO , xiii: 23, C. to Bielke, 13 July 1770.

127. SIRIO , xiii: 99–100, C. to Panin, 24–25 May, 1771. See also SIRIO , cxliii: 291–2, Sabatier to Vrillière, 7 June NS.

128. Best. D17322, 22 July/3 Aug. 1771; PSZ , xix: 13,651, 26 July.

129. Pis’ma Saltykovu , 69, 31 May 1768.

130. A. I. Mikhailov, Bazhenov (M, 1951), 50–7, 60.

131. Ibid., 61; Iu. Ia. Gerchuk, ed., Vasilii Ivanovich Bazhenov (M, 2001), 73–5, ‘Kratkoe rassuzhdenie o kremlevskom stroenii’.

132. Gerchuk, Bazhenov , 80, Teplov to Bazhenov, 15 Feb. 1770.

133. Pis’ma Saltykovu , 91, 23 Nov. 1770; Zhurnal bytnosti , 98, 100. PSZ , xix: 13,581, 15 Mar. 1771, decreed that though the city wall was to be demolished along the Moscow River from the Annunciation Cathedral to the Church of Peter the Metropolitan, neither was to be damaged.

134. Hughes, ‘Seeing the Sights’, in Eighteenth-Century Russia , eds. Bartlett and Lehmann-Carli, 325–6.

135. F. Rozhdestvenskii, Samuil Mislavskii, Mitropolit Kievskii (Kiev, 1877), 50–1. C.’s letters to Samuil are at appendix iii—vii. cf. G. I. Vzdornov, Istoriia otktrytiia izucheniia russkoi srednevekovoi zhivopisi XIX veka (M, 1986), 16–17.

136. V. I. Bazhenov, ‘Slovo na zalozhenie kremlevskogo dvortsa’, in S. Razgonov, V. I. Bazhenov (M, 1985), 164–5.

137. Volkonskii, 93, 10 Jan. 1772.

138. Letters to Volkonskii quoted in extenso by V. P. Iailenko, Ocherki po istorii i arkhitekture Lefortovo XVII—XVIII vekov (M, 2004), 159–62.

139. Wraxall, A Tour , 231.

Chapter 9

1. R. E. Jones, ‘Opposition to War and Expansion in Late Eighteenth-Century Russia’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas , 32 (1984), 38–44.

2. SIRIO , xiii: 259, C. to Mme Bielke, 25 June 1772; 261, 9 Aug.

3. KfZh (1772), 302, 306–9.

4. SIRIO , lxxii: 227, Solms to Frederick, 3 Aug. 1772.

5. KfZh (1772), 323–31 (330).

6. SIRIO , xix: 314, Gunning to Suffolk, 4 Sept. 1772.

7. SIRIO , xiii: 270–2, draft letter in C.’s hand; L. Hughes, The Romanovs (London, 2008), 108.

8. PCFG , xxxii: 527, Frederick to Solms, 1 Oct. 1772 NS.

9. SIRIO , xix: 327–8, Gunning to Suffolk, 27 Sept. 1772.

10. Best. D17929, C. to Voltaire, 12 Sept. 1772. Panin presented Gustav’s emissary to C. at Tsarskoe Selo on 17 Aug., KfZh (1772), 338.

11. Madariaga, 227.

12. SIRIO , xix: 297, Gunning to Suffolk, 28 July 1772; xiii: 259, C. to Mme Bielke, 25 June 1772; 261, 9 Aug. The Court moved to Tsarskoe Selo on Monday 13 Aug: KfZh (1772), 330.

13. Best. D17877, C. to Voltaire, 11 Aug. 1772; D17983, 17 Oct. See also D18090, 5 Dec.

14. Falconet, 185, C. to Falconet, 9 Oct. 1772.

15. Best. D18062, C. to Voltaire, 22 Nov. 1772; SIRIO , lxii: 305, Solms to Frederick, II, 25 Dec. 1772; 311, 8 Jan. 1773; Ransel, Politics , 235–6.

16. Lopatin, 9, 21 Feb. 1774.

17. SIRIO , xix: 298, Gunning to Suffolk, 28 July 1772.

18. McGrew, 70–1; SIRIO , xiii: 265–6, C. to Mme Bielke, 24 Aug. 1772.

19. KfZh (1772), 404–7. McGrew, 78, 82, may underestimate the level of public celebration.

20. SIRIO , xix: 14, Cathcart to Rochford, 29 Dec. 1769.

21. Ransel, Politics , 242–6, offers the most confident account of the episode; McGrew, 81–2, is more cautious.

22. SIRIO , xiii: 91–2, C. to Assebourg, 14 May 1771.

23. Ibid., 85, Panin to Assebourg, 10 May 1771; PCFG , xxxiii: 142, Frederick to Henry, 19 Dec. 1772 NS.

24. The gallery was done out in 1755–6: see V. Lemus and L. Lapina, The Catherine Palace-Museum in Pushkin: Picture Hall (Leningrad, 1990).

25. KfZh (1773), 271–81.

26. KfZh (1773), 281–93. The wining and dining continued throughout the summer.

27. McGrew, 83–4; Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon , 28–9.

28. Best. D18605, Voltaire to C., 1 Nov. 1773.

29. Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual’, 234–5.

30. Opisanie torzhestva vysokobrakosochetaniia Ego Imperatorskago Vysochestva Velikago Kniazia Pavla Petrovicha s Ee Imperatorskim Vysochestvom Velikoiu Kniagieneiu Natalieiu Alekseevnoiu (SPb, 1773). See also D. Kobeko, Tsesarevich Pavel Petrovich (1754–1796): Istoricheskoe issledovanie (SPb, 2001 edn.), 75–7.

31. Quoted in Wilson, Diderot , 631.

32. Quoted in N. Cronk, ‘Hobbes and Hume: determining voices in Jacques le fataliste et son maître ’, in Diderot and European Culture , eds. F. Ogée and A. Strugnell ( SVEC , 2006:09), 179.

33. E. Anderson, ed., The Letters of Mozart and His Family , Third edn. (London, 1989), 43, L. Mozart to L. Hagenauer, 1 Apr. 1764 NS.

34. Grimm told his own story in SIRIO , ii: 325–93, ‘Mémoire historique sur l’origine et les suites de mon attachement pour l’Imperatrice Catherine II, jusqu’au décès de S.M.I.’.