Simon Dixon - Catherine the Great

22. Cross, 137–41.

23. SIRIO, xii: 363, Cathcart to Weymouth, 29 Aug. 1768.

24. John Thomson, quoted in Cross, 138.

25. KfZh (1768), 206–12.

26. SIRIO , xii: 391, Cathcart to Weymouth, 21 Oct. 1768. C. herself subsequently referred to a ‘period when I was forbidden to conduct business’: Pis’ma Saltykovu , 73, 9 Nov.

27. R. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768: Doctor Dimsdale Spends a Day with the Empress’, in Days from the Reigns , ed. Cross, ii: 186–9, reproduces his ancestor’s invaluable notes.

28. Pis’ma Saltykovu , 73, 27 Oct. 1768.

29. Falconet, 68–9, C. to Falconet, 30 Oct. 1768.

30. KfZh (1768), 212–5.

31. ‘Pis’ma imperatritsy Ekateriny II k grafu Ivanu Grigor’evichu Chernyshevu (1764–1773)’, RA , 9 (1871), 1319, 17 Nov. 1768.

32. Richardson, 33–4.

33. KfZh (1768), 233.

34. SIRIO , xiii: 126, C. to Dimsdale, June 1771.

35. SIRIO , xii: 405–6, Cathcart to Rochford, 25 Nov. 1768.

36. Shtelin, Muzyka , 284–91; not mentioned in KfZh .

37. Bartlett, ‘Smallpox’, 203.

38. Beales, Joseph II , 158.

39. Best. D15396, Dec. 1768.

40. Ermitazh , ed. Piotrovskii, 316–23. Korshunova, Iurii Fel’ten , 29–31, says the model was sent to Moscow, but C. had returned to St Petersburg in Jan. 1768. The first mention of the Hermitage in the Court journals is KfZh (1769), 23, 1 Feb.

41. E. Maxtone Graham, The Beautiful Mrs Graham and the Cathcart Circle (London, 1927), quoting Lady Cathcart to Mrs Walkinshaw of Barrowfield, 8 Feb. 1768. For the Sheremetevs’ table at Kuskovo, see Parkinson, 213.

42. SIRIO , x: 332, C. to Bielke, 4 Mar. 1769; see also Pis’ma Saltykovu , 78, 5 Mar.

43. SIRIO , xii: 428, Cathcart to Rochford, 17 Mar. 1769.

44. Gray, Russian Genre Painting , 14–16.

45. Grimm, 367, 1–2 Nov. 1785.

46. G. Apgar, L’Art singulier de Jean Huber: Voir Voltaire (Paris, 1995), 16, 96–8, 106–7 (98), a reference to Le Patriarche en colère faisant une correction à coups de pied à un cheval qui rue . The Hermitage now holds eight paintings from the series; there may have been four more.

47. C. Frank, ‘Secret deals and public art: Catherine II’s cultural patronage in Bachaumont’s Mémoires secret s (1762–1786)’, in Vek prosvescheniia I: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul’tury v epokhu Ekateriny II , ed. S. Ia. Karp (M, 2006), 55–9, (60).

48. G. Dulac, ‘La question des beaux-arts dans les relations de Diderot avec la Russie: Les réflexions d’un philosophe (1765–1780)’, in Vek prosvescheniia , I : 10.

49. Letter of 1777, quoted in R. Davison, Diderot et Galiani: étude d’une amitié philosophique , SVEC : 237 (1985), 98–9.

50. B. V. Anan’ich, et al, Kredit i banki v Rossii do nachala XX veka: Sankt-Peterburg i Moskva (SPb, 2005), 72–80 (73, 75); PSZ , xv: 11,550, 25 May 1762; SIRIO , clxiii: 183–4, Sabatier to Choiseul, 7 Sept. 1770.

51. SIRIO , xxxvii: 214, Solms to Frederick, 3 Feb. 1769.

52. SIRIO , x: 334, C. to Elagin, 1 Apr. 1769.

53. F. Venturi, The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1768–1776 , trans. R. B. Litchfield (Princeton, NJ, 1989), 7–9.

54. ‘Pis’ma Chernyshevu’, 1325, 14 Dec. 1768.

55. Venturi, End of the Old Regime , 10–12, 15 (7).

56. Ibid., 27.

57. KfZh (1769), 44; T. Kudriavtseva and H. Whitbeck, Russian Imperial Porcelain Easter Eggs (London, 2001), 13.

58. Madariaga, 206.

59. KfZh (1769), 69, 70–5; Pis’ma Saltykovu , 79, 1 May 1769.

60. SIRIO , x: 337, C. to Panin, 10 May 1769.

61. KfZh (1769), 86–9, 96–9.

62. KfZh (1769), 104–6, 124–6.

63. SIRIO , cxliii: 36, Sabatier to Choiseul, 3 Oct. 1769.

64. Richardson, 103–4.

65. Quoted in W. G. Jones, Nikolay Novikov: Enlightener of Russia (Cambridge, 1984), 22.

66. Catherine’s babushka persona quoted in K. J. McKenna, ‘Empress behind the mask: the personae of Md. Vsiakaia Vsiachina in Catherine the Great’s periodical essays on manners and morals’, Neophilologus , 74 (1990), 3.

67. Satiricheskie zhurnaly N.I. Novikova , ed. P. N. Berkov (Moscow-Leningrad, 1951), 92, Truten’ , 21 July 1769.

68. Sochineniia , xii: 636.

69. Bentham, ii: 126, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 18 June 1778; RBS , ‘Knappe-Kiukhel’bekher’ (SPb, 1903), 39–40.

70. Madariaga, Short History , 95.

71. Best. D17127, C. to Voltaire, 26 Mar. 1771; Jones, Nikolay Novikov , 65.

72. Platon, Pouchitel’nye slova , ii: 310–11.

73. PSZ , xix: 13,603, 6 May 1771.

74. Jones, Nikolay Novikov , 20 (curlers), 61–3; P. N. Berkov, Istoriia russkoi komedii XVIII v. (Leningrad, 1977), 144.

75. SIRIO , xii: 427, Cathcart to Rochford, 17 Mar. 1769.

76. Herder on Social and Political Culture , ed. F. M. Barnard (Cambridge 1969), 87, ‘Journal of my Voyage in 1769’.

77. Best. D16286, C. to Voltaire, 31 Mar. 1770.

78. Letter to Voltaire, quoted in L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, CA, 1994), 223; Madariaga, 337.

79. The Antidote; or an enquiry into the merits of a book, entitled A Journey into Siberia (London, 1772), 22, 76, 25.

80. KfZh (1769), 142–4.

81. Madariaga, 210; Best. D16057, C. to Voltaire, 13 Dec. 1769; D16071, Voltaire to C., 2 Jan. 1770 NS.

82. M. S. Anderson, ‘Great Britain and the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774’, English Historical Review , 69 (1954), 44.

83. Cross, 185–8; E. V. Tarle, Chesmenskii boi i pervaia russkaia ekspeditsiia v arkhipelag (Moscow-Leningrad, 1945), 45–53; Venturi, End of the Old Regime , 74. The latest scholarly study is G. A. Grebenshchikova, Baltiiskii flot v period pravleniia Ekateriny II: dokumenty, fakty, issledovaniia (SPb, 2007).

84. Best. D16670, C. to Voltaire, 16 Sept. 1770. Turkish losses were probably closer to 10,000.

85. SIRIO , i: 62, C. to A. G. Orlov, 3 Oct. 1770.

86. Fel’dmarshal Rumiantsev: Dokumenty, pis’ma, vospominaniia , ed. A. P. Kapitonov (M, 2001), 108–22, Rumiantsev to C., 20 June and 31 July 1770.

87. D. I. Peters, Nagradnye medali Rossii vtoroi poloviny XVIII stoletiia (M, 1999), 64–71.

88. E.g., KfZh (1770), 162–4, 20 July, the Feast of the Prophet Elijah.

89. KfZh (1770), 171–2; Falconet, 136, C. to Falconet, 18 Aug. 1770.

90. Best. D16604, C to Voltaire, 9/20 Aug. 1770.

91. Madariaga, 219–20.

92. J. Lukowski, The Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795 (London, 1999), 61.

93. SIRIO , xiii: 59, C. to Bielke, 12 Jan. 1771; Best. D16999, C. to Voltaire, 23 Jan. 1771.

94. Pis’ma Salytkovu , 85, 23 Nov. 1770.

95. SIRIO , x: 433–4.

96. Zhurnal bytnosti v Rossii Ego Korolevsago Vysochestva Printsa Prusskago Genrikha (SPb, n.d., supplement to KfZh 1770), 12, 30–1.

97. Schenker, Bronze Horseman , 135–61, esp. 157–8.

98. Mémoirs du Comte de Hordt, Gentilhomme Suédois , etc., 2 vols. (Berlin, 1789), ii: 225–6; Zhurnal bytnosti , 50–4.

99. Sochineniia , iv: 149–63.

100. Richardson, 328, 330–1.