Armand Leroi - Mutants

South Africa: apartheid 262–4; Cape Malays 137–8, 140; extra-bone mutation 140–1; Huntington disease 298; sclerosteosis 300

Soviet leaders: and balding 281

Spallanzani, Lazzaro 145

Spemann, Hans 37–8, 39–40, 44, 45, 147

spina bifida 51–2, 58

‘split-hand-split-foot’ syndrome 108 , 108–9

SRY (Sex-determining Region on Y) 232–3, 234, 328, 329

Stanislaus, King of Poles 172, 174

Stendhal (Marie Henri Beyle) 219, 356

sterility 240

Strauss, Johann, the Younger 111–12

Sun Yaoting 201

sunlight: and skin 318–19

superoxide dismutases (SODs) 315–16

SOD1 mutations 316–18

Swammerdam, Jan 227

sweat glands 286, 287, 288

Sweden: mortality rates 329, 330, 331

synpolydactyly 128

tadpoles: and retinoic acid 81

Taron/Daru 192, 193 , 193–4, 195, 198

Taverne, M. (Burgomaster) 257–8

teeth 286–7, 288

telomerase 320–2, 323

telomeres 320–1, 322–3

teratology 8, 26

teratomas 54

testes/testicles 202, 203, 222

testosterone 203, 234, 235, 237–8, 239, 244; and baldness 282–4; effects on hyenas 241, 242

thalidomide 118–21

thanatophoric dysplasia 66, 135 , 156–7

Thibaut-Francesco 186–8, 187

thyroid gland 196–7, 198

thyrotropin 197–8

thyroxine 197

Tierra del Fuego: the Selk’nam 347, 348

Times, The 35

Tintoretto, Jacopo: Luigi Cornaro 295 , 310

toes see digits

tongues, over-large 157

toothlessness 286, 287

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de 161–5, 163 , 267

transcription factors (molecular switches) 88–9, 95, 125, 126, 140

transforming growth factor-betas (TGFß) 41

Treffan, Comte de 172

Turlepreton 132–3

twins, conjoined 23, 27–35, 29, 45–6, 46 , 48–9, 53–4, 55–6, 60–1; see also Parodi, Ritta and Christina

Twitty, Victor Chandler 144–7, 153

two-toed people 109–10

Tyson, Edward 182–3, 250

ultraviolet light 318–19

United States of America: eugenics programmes 282–3; heights 209, 211–12, 213; presidents 211, 213, 281; skulls 343–4

Unthan, Hermann (‘The Armless Fiddler’) 111–12, 114

vagina, the 223, 224, 224, 225, 229

Verschuer, Otamar, Freiherr von 147, 148

vertebrae, human 91–3, 98

Vesalius, Andreas: De fabrica 223–4, 224, 225

vestibular bulbs 226–7, 227

Victor Emmanuel II, of Italy 187

Vigenère, Blaise de: Les images Philostratus 70

vitamin A 80

Vrolik, Willem: anatomical collection 65, 66–7, 78, 90–1, 156; Tabula …67–8, 72, 73, 119, 119–20, 135 , 156

Wadoma, the 110

Werner’s syndrome 319

Wigtown, Scotland 106, 107, 115

Wilding, Alexa 345

Williams, George 302, 303, 306, 307

Wilson, Margaret 106–7, 108

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 350

Wright, Sewall 122

wrinkles 318–19

X chromosomes 230, 232, 233

Xiphopages 48

Y chromosomes 230–3

Yanomamo tribe 191

Zhang Deyi 268

‘zone of polarising activity’ (ZPA) 123, 124, 126

Zulu albinos 245 , 254

Frontispiece to Fortunio Liceti 1634 De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis. (Wellcome Library, London)

The Monster of Ravenna (1512). From Ulisse Aldrovandi 1642 Monstrorum historia. (Wellcome Library, London)

Roberts’s syndrome. Stillborn infant. From B.C. Hirst and G.A. Piersol 1893 Human monstrosities. (Wellcome Library, London)

Conjoined twins: pygopagus. Judith and Hélène (1701–23). From George Leclerc Buffon 1777 Histoire naturelle générale et particulière. (Wellcome Library, London)

Conjoined twins: parapagus dicephalus tetrabrachius. Ritta and Christina Parodi (1829). From Étienne Serres 1832 Recherches d’anatomie transcendante et pathologique. (British Library)

Conjoined twins: parapagus dicephalus dibrachius. Normandy. From Pierre Boaistuau 1560 Histoires prodigieuses. (Wellcome Library, London)

Conjoined twins: parapagus dicephalus dibrachius. From B.C. Hirst and G.A. Piersol 1893 Human monstrosities. (Wellcome Library, London)

Conjoined twins: cephalothoracoileopagus. From Étienne Serres 1832 Recherches d’anatomie transcendante et pathologique. (British Library)

Conjoined twins: situs inversus viscera. Ritta and Christina Parodi. From Étienne Serres 1832 Recherches d’anatomie transcendante et pathologique. (British Library)

Kartagener’s syndrome. Dissected infant showing situs inversus viscera. From George Leclerc Buffon 1777 Histoire naturelle générale et particulière. (Wellcome Library, London)

Cyclopia. Stillborn infant, Firme, Italy (1624). From Fortunio Liceti 1634 De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis. (Wellcome Library, London)

Cyclops wooing Galatea. From Blaise de Vigenère 1624 Les images Philostratus. (British Library)

Cyclopia with conjoined twinning. Attributed to Leonardo da Vinci. From Fortunio Liceti 1634 De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis. (Wellcome Library, London)

Cyclopia. Stillborn calf. From Willem Vrolik 1844–49 Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mammalium tarn naturalem quam abnormem. (Wellcome Library, London)

Cyclopia. Stillborn infant. From B.C. Hirst and G.A. Piersol 1893 Human monstrosities. (Wellcome Library, London)

Wild type mouse; sonic hedgehog-defective mouse. (Chin Chiang, Vanderbilt Medical Center)

Duplication of face in a pig: ‘Ditto’. (Jill Helms, University of California San Francisco)

Sirenomelia or mermaid syndrome in a stillborn foetus. From B.C. Hirst and G.A. Piersol 1893 Human monstrosities. (Wellcome Library, London)

Supernumerary neck auricles on goat and satyr. Pan Raping a Goat. Roman copy of Hellenistic original, second–third century BC. (Villa dei Papiri in Herculaneum, National Archaeological Museum, Naples. © 2003, Photo Scala, Florence)

Supernumerary auricles. Eight-year-old girl, England 1858. From William Bateson 1894 Materials for the study of variation. (Imperial College London)

Somites in a human embryo. From Franz Keibel 1908 Normentafel zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. (Frietson Galis, University of Leiden)

Phocomelia. Skeleton of Marc Cazotte a.k.a. Pepin (1757–1801). From Willem Vrolik 1844–49 Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mammalium tarn naturalem quam abnormem. (Wellcome Library, London)

Split-hand-split-foot, or ectrodacytly, or lobster-claw syndrome. Girl with radiograph of mother’s foot, England. From Karl Pearsor 1908 ‘On the inheritance of the deformity known as split-foot or lobster claw’. ( Biometrika 9:330–1. Author’s collection)

Acheiropody. An aleijadinho , Brazil 1970s. (Ademar Freire-Maia, UNESP – Paulista State University)

Phocomelia. Marc Cazotte a.k.a. Pepin (1757–1801). From Willem Vrolik 1844–49 Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mammalium tarn naturalem quam abnormem. (Wellcome Library, London)

Mirror-image polydactyly. From William Bateson 1894 Materials for the study of variation. (Imperial College London)

Thanatophoric dysplasia. Stillborn infant, Amsterdam c.1847. From Willem Vrolik 1844–49 Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mammalium tarn naturalem quam abnormem. (Wellcome Library, London)

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Harry Eastlack (1930–73), USA 1953. (Linda Lindgren, Los Angeles, and Gretchen Worden, Mütter Museum, Philadelphia)