Armand Leroi - Mutants

lungfish 129, 130

Luther, Martin 7

Lycosthenes, Conrad: Prodigiorum …( The Doome …) 6

McBride, William 118

McLaughlin, Margaret 106–7, 108–9

Madison, James 211

Magdeleine (a piebald) 258, 259

Magellan, Ferdinand 347

malaria 339, 352

mammary glands 287; see breasts

Mangold, Hilda ( née Pröscholdt) 37–9, 44–5

Mangold, Otto 44, 146

Mani, Giovanni 186–7

Manoiloff, E.O.: ‘A rare case of hereditary hexadactylism’ 122

Maphoon 275–6, 277, 286

Margaret, Duchess of Parma 271

Maria Teresa and Maria de Jésus (conjoined twins) 60

Marie Antoinette 172

Marie Sabina (a piebald) 255, 256, 257–8, 259

Marie-Theresa, Empress 171

Maroteaux, Pierre 164

Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 31, 122

Mead, Margaret 243

Medawar, Sir Peter 40, 302, 303, 306

Medici, Catherine de 170

Megasthenes 69

Meibomian glands 96

Melanchthon, Philipp 7

melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) 265–6, 267–8, 345

melanocytes 253, 260–1, 266

melanotropins 265–6

Mengele, Josef 147–8, 149, 151–2, 153

mermaid syndrome 78–82, 79

Merrick, James (‘the Elephant Man’) 205, 205–6

mesoderm 37, 39–40, 50, 92, 139, 278

messenger RNA 89

Mexican hairless dog 287

mice: boneless 140; caloric-restricted 311–12; and deletion of Hox genes 94, 131, 133; Disorganisation 96–7; dwarf 189–90; effects of age 322; with extra nipples 290; hair follicles 280, 282, 284; marsupial 308; ‘mermaid’ 79–80, 81–2; myostatin-defective 157; piebald 260; polydactylous strains 122; size and longevity 208; sonic-hedgehog-defective 75–6, 76, 125; telomerase-defective 321–2; telomeres of 322

Miniscalchi-Errizo, Count 187

miscarriages 354, 355

mitochondria 314

molecular switches see transcription factors

Molionides brothers (conjoined twins) 28

monozygotic (identical) twins 33–4

monsters 6–8, 9, 30–1; see also Ravenna, Cracow

Montaigne, Michel de 29, 236

‘moonlighters’ 317–18

Moreschi, Alessandro 201

‘morning after pill’ 94

morphogens 40, 75, 81, 82, 83, 123–4

mortality rates 329–31

Moskovitz, Yoshko 150

Mpho and Mphonyana (conjoined twins) 60

MTHFR (gene) 328

Mustapha, Domenico 200

myostatin 157

Naingvaws, the 192

Naples: Capodimonte Museum 269

neck auricles/ears/lobes 84 , 84–6, 85

negritos, Andaman Island 183–4, 184 , 341, 346–7

‘Nelson’s syndrome’ 264–5

nematode worms 102, 323–5; and longevity 312, 315–16, 324–5

neural crest cells 260–1

neural tube 50, 51, 66, 93, 94

neurons 42, 297, 317

newt embryos 38–9, 45

nipples, extra 289, 290, 304

noggin (protein) 40–2, 43, 141

Nsévoué (Aka pygmy) 186, 188

nucleotides 13, 298

Nungs, the 192, 194

nutrition see diet

O’Briens (‘Irish Giants’) 177–8

Onge, the 346

osteoblasts 138–9, 140, 144, 154, 160

osteoclasts 160, 161

osteogenesis imperfecta 158–9, 159 , 161

osteopetrosis 160–1, 164

osteoporosis 160, 164, 299

osteosarcoma 206, 207

‘ostrich-footed people’ 110

Ovid: Ars amatoria 281; Metamorphoses xiii, 68, 69, 204–5

Ovitz, Elizabeth 148–53, 152

Ovitz, Rabbi Shimshon Isaac 149

Ovitz, Shimshon 151

‘P’ (protein) 254

Pakistan: consanguinous marriages 356

Pan Raping a Goat (statue) 83–5, 84

Papua New Guinea 191, 351–2; the Sambia 236–7, 238, 244

parapagus diprosopus 53

paraquat 314–15

parasitism 53–4, 66

Paré, Ambroise 236; Des monstres et prodiges 6 , 7, 28

Parodi, Ritta and Christina (conjoined twins) 23–4, 24, 25–7, 33, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 55 , 60, 61–2

Pearson, Karl: A monograph on albinism in man 245, 249, 259, 259–60

penis, the 129, 223, 227, 228, 229, 236

‘Pepin’ see Cazotte, Marc

peptides 158

Pepy II 183

Peter the Great 170

Petrucciani, Michel 159

phaeomelanin 253, 266

phocomelia 118–20, 119

piebalds 255, 256, 257–61, 259

pigs 121; ‘Ditto’ 77, 78 ; without eyeballs 80

pituitary gland 175, 197, 198, 209; and dwarfism 175–6, 198, see also Boruwlaski, Joseph; and gigantism 178 , 178–9, 207, 265; tumors 179, 207, 264–5; see also ‘growth hormone’

Pius X, Pope 201

Plato: The symposium 242, 348

Pliny the Elder: Historia naturalis 69, 182, 248, 254, 347

Polo, Marco 71

Polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) 111, 121–2, 123, 123 , 124–5, 131–3

polymastia see breasts, extra

polymorphisms 16–17, 327–8

Polyphemus (Cyclops) 68–9

preformationism 31–2

‘primitive streak’ 36

Pritchard, Captain B.E.A. 192

progerias 319, 323

prognathism 341, 342

Pröscholdt, Hilda see Mangold, Hilda

Proteus syndrome 204–6, 205

pseudoachondroplasia 149, 152 , 153, 154, 158; see also Ovitz, Elizabeth

pseudohermaphrodites 222, 234, 235–6, 238–9, 241, 244; see also Barbin, Herculine

Ptah-Pataikoi 154

PTEN 204

pycnodysostosis 163 , 164, 175

pygmies 180 , 180–8, 184, 187 , 189, 190–2, 327; see also Taron

Quatrefages, Armand de: Crania ethica 333, 342–3; The pygmies 183, 187

rabbits: foetal studies 233–4

race(s): and balding 280; fabulous 69–71, 109–10; and skin colour, see apartheid; see also genetic variety

Ravenna, Monster of 3–6, 4 , 8

red-haired people 14, 265–8, 345

retinoic acid 80–2

ribs, extra 91–2, 97

Riebeeck, Jan van 298

‘Ritta-Christina’ see Parodi, Ritta and Christina

Roberts’s syndrome 5, 6

Rodriguez, Clara and Altagracia 60

Röse (German dentist) 342–3

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel: La Ghirlandata 345

RU486 (‘morning after pill’) 94

Rudolf II, Emperor of Austria 11, 271

Ruhe, Jacob 122

salamanders 132, 144–6

Salinas, Dominican Republic: guevedoche 236, 237–8, 243–4

Sambia, the 236–7, 238, 244

Saunders, John 113, 117, 122–3

Scarry, Elaine 348

Schweinfurth, George August 181, 186, 188, 190; The heart of Africa 188, 254

sclerostin/sclerosteosis 141, 300

scrotum, the 225, 229, 263; see also testes

Selk’nam, the 347, 348

Senesino (Francesco Bernardi) (castrato) 200, 200

Serres, Étienne 26, 61; Recherches d’anatomie…24 , 26, 47, 49, 52 , 52–3

Sex-determining Region on Y see SRY

‘sex-reversed females’ 231–2, 233

‘sex-reversed males’ 233

sexual organs see genitals

sheep: ‘Dolly’ (cloned) 322–3; with extra nipples 304

Shwe-Maong 274–5, 276, 284, 285, 286

Siamese twins see twins, conjoined

Siebold, Carl von 284–5

sirenomelia 78–82, 79, 83

situs inversus 55–6, 58

skin 42, 278; colour 8, 253, 260, 261–2, 265, 268, see also albinism, apartheid, piebalds; wrinkled 318–19

skulls 137, 140–1, 144; shapes and measurements 340–5, 342–3, 347

snakes 97–8

SODs see superoxide dismutases

somites 92, 93, 98

‘sonic hedgehog’ gene 74, 75–7, 76, 124–5, 284

SOST mutation 300