Armand Leroi - Mutants

Twitty, V.C. and J.L. Schwind. 1931. The growth of eyes and limbs transplanted heteroplastically between two species of Amblystoma (sic) Journal of Experimental Zoology 59: 61–86

Tyson, E. 1699 (1966). A philological essay concerning the pygmies of the ancients. B. Windle (ed.). David Nutt, London

Unthan, C.H. 1935. The armless fiddler: a pediscript. George Allen & Unwin, London

Valenzano, M. et al. 1999. Sirenomelia. Pathological features, antenatal ultrasonographic clues, and a review of current embryogenic theories. Human Reproductive Update 5: 82–6

Valverde, P. et al. 1995. Variants of the melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans. Nature Genetics 11: 328–30

Vassart, G. 2000. TSH receptor mutations and diseases Ch. 16a. The Thyroid and Its Diseases , http://www.thyroidmanager.org

Vieille-Grosjean, I. et al. 1997. Branchial Hox gene expression and human craniofaciall development. Developmental Biology 183: 4960

Viljoen, D.L. and P. Beighton. 1984. The split-hand and split-foot anomaly in a central African Negro population. American Journal of Medical Genetics 19: 545–52

Viljoen, D.L. and S.H. Kidson. 1990. Mirror-polydactlyly – pathogenesis based on a morphogen gradient theory. American Journal of Medical Genetics 35: 22935

Voss, J.W and M.G. Rosenfeld. 1992. Anterior pituitary development. Cell 70: 527–30

Vrolik, W. 1834. Over den aard en oorsprong der cyclopie. Niewe verhan-delingen der Eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk Nederland Instituut. 5: 25112

Vrolik, W. 1844–49. Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mam-malium tarn naturalem quam abnormem. Amsterdam, London

Waaler, H.T 1984. Height, weight and mortality: the Norwegian experience. Acta Medica Scandinavia Supplement 679: 1–56

Walton, M.T. et al. 1993. Of monsters and prodigies: the interpretation of birth defects in the sixteenth century. American Journal of Medical Genetics 47: 7–13

Watanabe, A. et al. 1998. Epistatic relationship between Waardenburg syndrome genes MITF and PAX3. Nature Genetics 18: 283–6

Weber, G. 1995–99. Lonely islands: the Andamanese. The Andaman Association, Switzerland, http://andaman.org

Weinstein, B.S. and D. Ciszek. 2002. The reserve-capacity hypothesis: evolutionary origins and modern implications of the trade-off between tumor-suppression and tissue repair. Experimental Gerontology 37: 615–27

Westendorp, R.G.J. and T.B.L. Kirkwood. 1998. Human longevity and the cost of reproductive success. Nature 396: 743–6

Wilkie, A.O. et al. 1995. Apert syndrome results from localized mutations of FGFR2 and is allelic with Crouzon syndrome. Nature Genetics 9: 165–72

Williams, D. 1996. Deformed discourse. The function of the monstrous in medieval thought. University of Exeter Press

Williams, G.C. 1957. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senesence. Evolution 11: 398–411

Williams, G.R. 1998. Thyroid hormone action on cartilage and bone: interactions with other hormones at the epiphyseal plate and effects on linear growth. Journal of Endocrinology 157:391–403

Williamson, S. and R. Nowak. 1998. The truth about women. New Scientist. 159: 34–5

Willier, B.H. and J.M. Oppenheimer. 1964. Foundations of experimental embryology. Prentice-Hall, N.J.

Wilmoth, J.R. et al. 2000a. Demography of longevity: past, present, and future trends. Experimental Gerontology 35: 1111–29

Wilmoth, J.R. et al. 2000b. Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861–1999. Science 289: 2366–86

Wilmut, I. 2002. Are there any normal cloned animals? Nature Medicine 8: 215–16

Wilmut, I. et al. 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385: 810–13

Wilson, D. 1993. Signs and portents: monstrous births from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Routledge, London

Wilson, J.D. and C. Roehrborn. 1999. Long term consequences of castration in men: lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84: 4324–31

Winter, R.M. 1996. What’s in a face? Nature Genetics 12: 124–129

Winter, R.M. and D. Donnai. 1989. A possible human homologue for the mouse mutant disorganisation. Journal of Medical Genetics 26: 417–20

Wittkower, R. 1942. Marvels of the East. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5: 159–97

Wolpert, L. 1971. Positional information and pattern formation. Developmental Biology 6: 183–224

Woolf, CM. and F.C. Dukepoo. 1969. Hopi Indians, inbreeding, and albinism. Science 164: 30–7

Worden, G. 2002. Mutter Museum. Blast Books, N. Y.

Wright, S. 1935. A mutation of the guinea-pig, tending to restore the pen-tadactyl foot when heterozygous, producing a monstrosity when heterozygous. Genetics 20: 84–107

Wu, W. et al. 1998. Mutations in prop-1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Nature Genetics 18: 147–9

Yang, A. et al. 1999. P63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development. Nature 398: 714–18

Yang, Y. et al. 1997. Relationship between dose, distance and time in sonic hedgehog mediated regulation of anteroposterior polarity in the chick limb. Development 124: 4393–4404

Yu, C.E. et al. 1989. Positional cloning of the Werner’s syndrome gene. Science 272: 258–62

Yule, H. 1858. A narrative of the mission sent by the Governor-General of India to the court of Ava in 1855. Bell, N.Y.

Zákány, J. et al. 1997. Regulation of number and size of digits by posterior Hox genes: A dose dependent mechanism with potential evolutionary implications. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 1395–13700

Zapperi. R. 1995. Ein Haarmensch auf einem Gamälde von Agostino Carracci. in Hagner, M. (ed.) Der falsche Körper: Bieträge zu einer Geschichte der Monstrositäten. Wallstein, Göttingen

Zekraoui, L. et al. 1997. High frequency of the apolipoprotein 84 allele in African pygmies and most of the African populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Human Biology 69: 575–81

Zeng, X. et al. 2001. A freely diffusible form of sonic hedgehog mediates long-range signalling. Nature 411: 716–20

Zguricas, J. et al. 1999. Clinical and genetics studies on 12 preaxial polydactlyly families and refinement of the localization of the gene responsible to a 1. 9 cM region on chromosome 7q35. Journal of Medical Genetics 36: 32–40

Zhou, X.–P. et al. 2000. Germline and germline mosaic PTEN mutations associated with a Proteus-like syndrome of hemihypertrophy, lower-limb asymmetry, arteriovenous malformations and lipomatosis. Human Molecular Genetics 19: 765–8

Zhou, X.-P. et al. 2001. Association of germline mutation in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and Proteus and Proteus-like syndromes. Lancet 358:210–11

Zimmerman, L.B. et al. 1996. The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates Bone morphogenetic protein-4. Cell 86: 599–606

Zou, H. and L. Niswander. 1996. Requirement for BMP signalling in inter-digital apoptosis and scale formation. Science 272: 738–41

Page references in italic refer to illustrations)

Aborigines, Australian 27, 144, 341, 342

Académie Française, Paris 101, 121

Académie Royale de Médecine 26, 31