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Jonathan Kirsch - A History of the End of the World

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Название:
A History of the End of the World
Автор:
Jonathan Kirsch
Издательство:
HarperCollins
Жанр:
Публицистика / История / Религиоведение / на английском языке
Год:
2006
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978–0–06–081698–8
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4 / 5. Голосов: 1
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“[The Book of] Revelation has served as a “language arsenal” in a great many of the social, cultural, and political conflicts in Western history. Again and again, Revelation has stirred some dangerous men and women to act out their own private apocalypses. Above all, the moral calculus of Revelation—the demonization of one’s enemies, the sanctification of revenge taking, and the notion that history must end in catastrophe—can be detected in some of the worst atrocities and excesses of every age, including our own. For all of these reasons, the rest of us ignore the book of Revelation only at our impoverishment and, more to the point, at our own peril.” The mysterious author of the Book of Revelation (or the Apocalypse, as the last book of the New Testament is also known) never considered that his sermon on the impending end times would last beyond his own life. In fact, he predicted that the destruction of the earth would be witnessed by his contemporaries. Yet Revelation not only outlived its creator; this vivid and violent revenge fantasy has played a significant role in the march of Western civilization.
Ever since Revelation was first preached as the revealed word of Jesus Christ, it has haunted and inspired hearers and readers alike. The mark of the beast, the Antichrist, 666, the Whore of Babylon, Armageddon, and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are just a few of the images, phrases, and codes that have burned their way into the fabric of our culture. The questions raised go straight to the heart of the human fear of death and obsession with the afterlife. Will we, individually or collectively, ride off to glory, or will we drown in hellfire for all eternity? As those who best manipulate this dark vision learned, which side we fall on is often a matter of life or death. Honed into a weapon in the ongoing culture wars between states, religions, and citizenry, Revelation has significantly altered the course of history.
Kirsch, whom the
calls “a fine storyteller with a flair for rendering ancient tales relevant and appealing to modern audiences,” delivers a far-ranging, entertaining, and shocking history of this scandalous book, which was nearly cut from the New Testament. From the fall of the Roman Empire to the Black Death, the Inquisition to the Protestant Reformation, the New World to the rise of the Religious Right, this chronicle of the use and abuse of the Book of Revelation tells the tale of the unfolding of history and the hopes, fears, dreams, and nightmares of all humanity.

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52. Quoted in Colwell, Study of the Bible, 21–22.

53. Colwell, Study of the Bible, 34.

54. Colwell, Study of the Bible, 32, 35.

55. Quoted in Colwell, Study of the Bible, 35 (adapted).

56. Quoted in Bernard McGinn, “Revelation,” in Alter and Kermode, Literary Guide, 529.

57. Ellul, Apocalypse, 1977, 9–10 (adapted).

58. Akenson, Surpassing Wonder, 226–27.

59. Rev. 11:2 (NKJ; “tread the holy city underfoot”); Rev. 11:3–4, 11:7 (RSV; “the beast that ascends”).

60. Rev. 11:13 (RSV).

61. Rev. 11:8 (RSV).

62. Rev. 17:7 (NKJ).

63. Rev. 1:20 (NKJ).

64. Brian E. Daley, “Apocalypticism in Early Christian Theology,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 6.

65. Quoted in Boyer, When Time Shall Be, 47.

66. Paula Fredriksen, “Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 21.

67. Bernard McGinn, “Revelation,” in Alter and Kermode, Literary Guide, 528 (“moral conflict…”); Augustine, City of God, XX:7, 719 (“ridiculous fancies”).

68. Bernard McGinn, “Revelation,” in Alter and Kermode, Literary Guide, 528, referring to City of God , XX:7 and XX:9.

69. Paula Fredriksen, “Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 35.

70. Quoted in Robert E. Lerner, “Millennialism,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 328 (adapted).

71. Adapted from Augustine, City of God, XX:7, 719, and a quoted passages from City of God that appears in “Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse,” by Paula Fredriksen, in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 29.

72. Augustine, City of God, XX:7, 719 (adapted).

73. Augustine, City of God, XX:17, 736.

74. Quoted in “The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath, in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 52.

75. Augustine, City of God, XX:7, 720.

76. Augustine, City of God, XX:11, 729.

77. Paula Fredriksen, “Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 34 (“radical agnosticism”); Robert E. Lerner, “The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 60 n. 29 (“eschatological uncertainty principle”).

78. Augustine, City of God , XX:20, 742 (referring specifically to the resurrection of the dead).

79. Robert E. Lerner, “Millennialism,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 356.

80. Bernard McGinn, “The Last Judgment in Christian Tradition,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 378.

81. Paula Fredriksen, “Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 35.

82. Rev. 17:9 (KJV).

83. 1 John 2:18 (NKJ; adapted).

84. Rev. 12:9 (RSV).

85. Rev. 13:2, 13:8 (RSV; adapted).

86. Rev. 13:18 (KJV).

87. Rev. 17:8 (KJV).

88. Rev. 13:3 (RSV).

89. Quoted in Ladd, Revelation of John, 233 (adapted).

90. Quoted in Brian E. Daley, “Apocalypticism in Early Christian Theology,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 23.

91. Quoted in Brian E. Daley, “Apocalypticism in Early Christian Theology,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 23 (adapted).

92. Paula Fredriksen, “Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypticism, 30.

93. Rev. 6:12 (KJV; adapted).

94. Quoted in Robert E. Lerner, “The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypticism, 52.

95. Dan. 12:7 (KJV).

96. Rev. 12:14, 12:6, 11:3, 13:5.

97. Ps. 90:4 (KJV).

98. 2 Pet. 3:8 (KJV).

99. Quoted in John Williams, “Purpose and Imagery in the Apocalypse Commentary of Beatus of Liébana,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 225.

100. Bernard McGinn, “The Last Judgment in Christian Tradition,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 379.

101. Rev. 21:16 (KJV).

102. John 2:21 (KJV).

103. Schüssler Fiorenza, Apocalypse, 8. Schüssler Fiorenza specifically refers to the fact that “the author speaks of divine wrath and fierce revenge but not of God’s love and grace.”

104. Quoted in Robert E. Lerner, “The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 4 (“The saints will in no wise have an earthly kingdom…”); Jerome, Commentary on Isaiah , quoted in Bernard McGinn, “Introduction: John’s Apocalypse and the Apocalyptic Mentality” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 18–19 (“To take John’s Apocalypse according to the letter…”).

105. Rev. 2:9 (KJV; “synagogue of Satan”); Rev. 5:5 (KJV; “the Lion of the tribe of Judah”).

106. Dale Kinney, “The Apocalypse in Early Christian Monumental Decoration,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 209.

107. Dale Kinney, “The Apocalypse in Early Christian Monumental Decoration,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 200, quoting Frederik van der Meer.

108. Quoted in McGinn, Visions of the End, 55.

109. Quoted in Brian E. Daley, “Apocalypticism in Early Christian Theology,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 33.

110. Rev. 10:9 (KJV).

111. Rev. 1:16 (KJV).

CHAPTER 5: “YOUR OWN DAYS, FEW AND EVIL”

1. Thompson, End of Time, 36.

2. Strictly speaking, The Seventh Seal is set in mid-fourteenth-century Scandinavia, but the director paints a highly stylized picture of the High Middle Ages drawn from medieval church murals that he first saw in early childhood. (Commentary by Peter Cowie, The Seventh Seal , Criterion Collection, 1987.)

3. McGinn, Visions of the End, xx n. 1.

4. Abbo of Fleury, Apologetic Work , quoted in McGinn, Visions of the End, 89.

5. Thompson, End of Time, 38.

6. Richard K. Emmerson and Bernard McGinn, “Introduction: The Apocalypse in Medieval Culture,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, xxii, 294 (adapted).

7. Malone, Women and Christianity, 2:30.

8. Quoted in Malone, Women and Christianity, 2:48.

9. Quoted in Malone, Women and Christianity, 1:18.

10. Quoted in Malone, Women and Christianity, 1:18 (adapted).

11. Quoted in Roberto Rusconi, “Antichrist and Antichrists,” in Apocalypticism, 294.

12. Malone, Women and Chrisitanity, 2:96.

13. Bernard McGinn, “Apocalypticism and Church Reform: 1100–1500,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 86.

14. Quoted in Bernard McGinn, “Revelation,” in Alter and Kermode, Literary Guide, 532.

15. Quoted in McGinn, Visions of the End, 130.

16. Quoted in Bernard McGinn, “Revelation,” in Alter and Kermode, Literary Guide, 528. See also Rev. 5:5.

17. Bernard McGinn, “Revelation,” in Alter and Kermode, Literary Guide, 528.

18. Quoted in Ehrman, Jesus, 15.

19. Thompson, End of Time, 63, 65.

20. Robert E. Lerner, “The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 64.

21. McGinn, “Revelation,” in Alter and Kermode, Literary Guide, 528.

22. Quoted in Richard K. Emmerson, “Introduction: The Apocalypse in Medieval Culture,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 319 (adapted).

23. Bernard McGinn, “Apocalypticism and Church Reform: 1100–1500,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 86.

24. John Fox, Actes and Monuments (1563), quoted in Marjorie Reeves, “Dragon,” in Drane, Revelation, 32 (adapted).