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Jonathan Kirsch - A History of the End of the World

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Название:
A History of the End of the World
Автор:
Jonathan Kirsch
Издательство:
HarperCollins
Жанр:
Публицистика / История / Религиоведение / на английском языке
Год:
2006
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978–0–06–081698–8
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“[The Book of] Revelation has served as a “language arsenal” in a great many of the social, cultural, and political conflicts in Western history. Again and again, Revelation has stirred some dangerous men and women to act out their own private apocalypses. Above all, the moral calculus of Revelation—the demonization of one’s enemies, the sanctification of revenge taking, and the notion that history must end in catastrophe—can be detected in some of the worst atrocities and excesses of every age, including our own. For all of these reasons, the rest of us ignore the book of Revelation only at our impoverishment and, more to the point, at our own peril.” The mysterious author of the Book of Revelation (or the Apocalypse, as the last book of the New Testament is also known) never considered that his sermon on the impending end times would last beyond his own life. In fact, he predicted that the destruction of the earth would be witnessed by his contemporaries. Yet Revelation not only outlived its creator; this vivid and violent revenge fantasy has played a significant role in the march of Western civilization.
Ever since Revelation was first preached as the revealed word of Jesus Christ, it has haunted and inspired hearers and readers alike. The mark of the beast, the Antichrist, 666, the Whore of Babylon, Armageddon, and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are just a few of the images, phrases, and codes that have burned their way into the fabric of our culture. The questions raised go straight to the heart of the human fear of death and obsession with the afterlife. Will we, individually or collectively, ride off to glory, or will we drown in hellfire for all eternity? As those who best manipulate this dark vision learned, which side we fall on is often a matter of life or death. Honed into a weapon in the ongoing culture wars between states, religions, and citizenry, Revelation has significantly altered the course of history.
Kirsch, whom the
calls “a fine storyteller with a flair for rendering ancient tales relevant and appealing to modern audiences,” delivers a far-ranging, entertaining, and shocking history of this scandalous book, which was nearly cut from the New Testament. From the fall of the Roman Empire to the Black Death, the Inquisition to the Protestant Reformation, the New World to the rise of the Religious Right, this chronicle of the use and abuse of the Book of Revelation tells the tale of the unfolding of history and the hopes, fears, dreams, and nightmares of all humanity.

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86. Barclay, Letters, 66.

87. Schüssler Fiorenza, Apocalypse, 48–49 (“social, political and commercial life”); Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 195 (“code names”).

88. Rev. 14:4 (RSV).

89. Rev. 14:4 (RSV).

90. Rev. 7:3, 14:4 (RSV).

91. Rev. 14:4 (NKJ).

92. Adela Yarbro Collins, “The Book of Revelation,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 407, quoting 1 Enoch 10:11 (adapted).

93. Lev. 15:18 (RSV).

94. Adela Yarbro Collins, “The Book of Revelation,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 405.

95. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 159.

96. Quoted in Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 169.

97. Rev. 17:4 (RSV; adapted).

98. Rev. 13:18 (KJV).

99. Rev. 13:17, 13:18 (KJV; adapted).

100. Rev. 17:3 (KJV).

101. Rev. 17:7 (RSV).

102. Rev. 17:8 (RSV).

103. Rev. 17:8 (RSV).

104. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 130 n. 2.

105. Rev. 2:10 (KJV).

106. Rev. 13:7 (RSV).

107. Rev. 13:15 (RSV).

108. Rev. 6:9 (RSV).

109. Rev. 2:13 (RSV; adapted).

110. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 102.

111. Quoted in Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 193.

112. Quoted in Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 193.

113. Rev. 21:1 (KJV).

114. Schüssler Fiorenza, Apocalypse, 45.

115. Quoted in Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 69.

116. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 71 (emphasis added).

117. Bernard McGinn, “Introduction: John’s Apocalypse and the Apocalyptic Mentality,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocolypse, 13.

118. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, 1:420–21.

119. Ladd, Revelation of John, 9, citing Tacitus.

120. Adela Yarbro Collins, “Revelation, Book of,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:706.

121. Ladd, Revelation of John, 104.

122. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 94.

123. Adela Yarbro Collins, “Revelation, Book of,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:705.

124. John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 144.

125. Rev. 16:14 (KJV); Rev. 18:20 (NKJ).

126. Rev. 17:14, 1:16 (KJV).

127. Rev. 18:14, 14:13 (NKJ).

128. Rev. 19:2 (RSV).

129. Rev. 13:10 (RSV; adapted).

130. Rev. 3:9 (RSV; adapted).

131. Gen. 2:2 (KJV).

132. Rev. 10:5-6 (KJV, RSV; adapted).

133. Ezek. 2:10–11 (KJV; adapted).

134. Rev. 10:9 (KJV); Rev. 10:10–11 (RSV).

135. Stendahl, quoted in Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 197.

136. Stendahl, quoted in Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 135.

137. Quoted in Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 136.

138. 2 Kings 23:5 (TNK).

139. Rev. 12:9 (KJV).

140. Rev. 12:5 (KJV).

141. Farrer, Rebirth of Images, 141.

142. Ford, Revelation, 188.

143. Adela Yarbro Collins, “The Book of Revelation,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 408.

144. Schüssler Fiorenza, Apocalypse, 30 (adapted).

145. Isa. 27:1 (TNK).

146. Adela Yarbro Collins, “The Book of Revelation,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 394.

147. Rev. 12:12 (KJV).

148. Dan. 2:28 (KJV).

149. Rev. 1:10–11 (KJV).

150. Rev. 1:13–14, 1:16, 1:17 (RSV).

151. Rev. 1:11, 1:19 (RSV; adapted).

152. Rev. 22:10, 22:19.

153. Richard K. Emmerson, “Introduction: The Apocalypse in Medieval Culture,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 330.

154. Quoted in Cohn-Sherbok and Cohn-Sherbok, Jewish and Christian Mysticism, 104 (adapted).

155. Quoted in Richard K. Emmerson, “Introduction: The Apocalypse in Medieval Culture,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 298.

156. Graves, White Goddess, 344–45.

157. Graves, White Goddess, 345.

158. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 154.

159. Rev. 3:13 (KJV).

160. Quoted in de la Bedoyere, Meddlesome Friar, 204 (adapted).

161. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 155 (adapted).

162. Rev. 1:1 (KJV).

163. Rev. 22:7 (KJV).

164. John J. Collins, Bernard McGinn, and Stephen J. Stein, “General Introduction,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, x.

CHAPTER 4: THE APOCALYPTIC INVASION

1. Quoted in Bernard McGinn, “Revelation,” in Alter and Kermode, Literary Guide, 523.

2. Matt. 5:44 (KJV; adapted).

3. Rev. 19:13–14 (RSV).

4. Rev. 19:15, 19:17, 19:18 (RSV). The Greek text refers to “birds,” but some translations render the word as “vultures” because John clearly refers to carrion eaters.

5. Matt. 25:40 (KJV).

6. Rev. 14:4 (RSV).

7. Rev. 20:12 (RSV).

8. Rev. 21:8 (RSV).

9. Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 24.

10. Quoted in Schüssler Fiorenza, Apocalypse, 8.

11. Quoted in Ehrman, Jesus, 17.

12. Tertullian, quoted in Greenslade, Schism, 110.

13. Rev. 21:9, 21:10, 21:18, 21:19 (RSV).

14. Rev. 11:8 (KJV).

15. Quoted in Brian E. Daley, “Apocalypticism in Early Christian Theology,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 11–12.

16. Quoted in Brian E. Daley, “Apocalypticism in Early Christian Theology,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 11.

17. Malone, Women and Christianity, 1:113.

18. P. Hughes, quoted in Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter, When Prophecy Fails, 6–7 (adapted).

19. Brian E. Daley, “Apocalypticism in Early Christian Theology,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 7.

20. Fox, Jesus in America, 253 (referring to “Protestant millennialists” such as Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah’s Witnesses).

21. Rev. 17:4 (RSV).

22. Rev. 2:24 (NKJ).

23. Matt. 22:21 (RSV).

24. Rom. 13:1 (NKJ).

25. Eusebius, “The Oration of Eusebius Pamphilus in Praise of the Emperor Constantine,” in Schaff and Wace, Eusebius, 584.

26. Rev. 17:5 (RSV). (John refers here to “Babylon,” a term that is understood to refer to Rome); Rev. 14:8 (KJV).

27. McGinn, Visions of the End, 25.

28. Quoted in Smith, Constantine the Great, 201.

29. Rev. 1:1 (KJV).

30. Paula Fredriksen, “Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 20–21.

31. Dan. 12:11, 12:12 (NKJ).

32. Dan. 12:10 (JPS).

33. Matt. 24:15–16 (NKJ).

34. Matt. 24:19–21 (RSV; adapted).

35. Matt. 24:7 (KJV).

36. Mark 8:38 (KJV).

37. Mark 9:1 (RSV). (See also Mark 13:30, 14:62.)

38. Matt. 24:34 (RSV).

39. 1 Thess. 4:16–17 (NKJ; adapted).

40. McGinn, Visions of the End, 11.

41. 2 Thess. 1–2, 3 (RSV).

42. Mark 13:7 (NKJ; adapted).

43. Mark 13:22 (RSV).

44. Mark: 13:21, 13:32 (NKJ; adapted).

45. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 119.

46. Quoted in Fallon, “Gnostic Apocalypses,” 143.

47. Adela Yarbro Collins, “Revelation, Book of,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:695.

48. Yarbro Collins, “Revelation, Book of,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:695.

49. Quoted in Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 87.

50. Adela Yarbro Collins, “Revelation, Book of,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:706, quoting Eusebius, Hist. Eccl . 725.

51. Adela Yarbro Collins, “Early Christian,” in “Apocalypses and Apocalypticism,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:290.