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Jonathan Kirsch - A History of the End of the World

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Название:
A History of the End of the World
Автор:
Jonathan Kirsch
Издательство:
HarperCollins
Жанр:
Публицистика / История / Религиоведение / на английском языке
Год:
2006
Город:
New York
ISBN:
978–0–06–081698–8
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“[The Book of] Revelation has served as a “language arsenal” in a great many of the social, cultural, and political conflicts in Western history. Again and again, Revelation has stirred some dangerous men and women to act out their own private apocalypses. Above all, the moral calculus of Revelation—the demonization of one’s enemies, the sanctification of revenge taking, and the notion that history must end in catastrophe—can be detected in some of the worst atrocities and excesses of every age, including our own. For all of these reasons, the rest of us ignore the book of Revelation only at our impoverishment and, more to the point, at our own peril.” The mysterious author of the Book of Revelation (or the Apocalypse, as the last book of the New Testament is also known) never considered that his sermon on the impending end times would last beyond his own life. In fact, he predicted that the destruction of the earth would be witnessed by his contemporaries. Yet Revelation not only outlived its creator; this vivid and violent revenge fantasy has played a significant role in the march of Western civilization.
Ever since Revelation was first preached as the revealed word of Jesus Christ, it has haunted and inspired hearers and readers alike. The mark of the beast, the Antichrist, 666, the Whore of Babylon, Armageddon, and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are just a few of the images, phrases, and codes that have burned their way into the fabric of our culture. The questions raised go straight to the heart of the human fear of death and obsession with the afterlife. Will we, individually or collectively, ride off to glory, or will we drown in hellfire for all eternity? As those who best manipulate this dark vision learned, which side we fall on is often a matter of life or death. Honed into a weapon in the ongoing culture wars between states, religions, and citizenry, Revelation has significantly altered the course of history.
Kirsch, whom the
calls “a fine storyteller with a flair for rendering ancient tales relevant and appealing to modern audiences,” delivers a far-ranging, entertaining, and shocking history of this scandalous book, which was nearly cut from the New Testament. From the fall of the Roman Empire to the Black Death, the Inquisition to the Protestant Reformation, the New World to the rise of the Religious Right, this chronicle of the use and abuse of the Book of Revelation tells the tale of the unfolding of history and the hopes, fears, dreams, and nightmares of all humanity.

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25. Rev. 5:6 (RSV).

26. Rev. 19:16 (RSV).

27. Rev. 12:3, 12:9 (RSV).

28. Rev. 13:11 (RSV).

29. Rev. 17:2, 17:3, 17:4, 17:6 (RSV).

30. Rev. 12:3–9 (KJV).

31. Rev. 6:8, 6:12–13 (RSV; adapted).

32. Rev. 9:6 (RSV).

33. Rev. 19:18 (RSV).

34. Rev. 20:10 (RSV; adapted).

35. Rev. 21:1, 14:12, 21:8 (RSV; adapted).

36. Rev. 14:20 (KJV), 7:14 (NKJ).

37. Rev. 21:4 (RSV).

38. Rev. 21:14 (KJV).

39. Rev. 6:10–11, 3:11 (RSV).

40. Rev. 1:1 (KJV).

41. Paula Fredriksen, “Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 20–21.

42. Mark 13:7 (RSV).

43. Rev. 2:24 (RSV).

44. Lev. 19:18 (KJV), Matt. 5:44 (RSV; adapted).

45. Lawrence, Apocalypse, 9, 33.

46. Rev. 18:8, 18:20, 19:2 (KJV).

47. Rev. 18:6, 18:7 (NLT).

48. Paul D. Hanson, “Introductory Overview,” in “Apocalypses and Apocalypticism,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:282.

49. Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 8 (adapted).

50. Quoted in Cohn-Sherbok and Cohn-Sherbok, Jewish and Christian Mysticism, 145.

51. James H. Moorhead, “Apocalypticism in Mainstream Protestantism, 1800 to the Present,” in Stein, Apocalypticism, 103.

52. Weber, Living in the Shadow, 239.

53. Janice Rogers Brown, quoted in Wallstein, “Faith ‘War’ Rages,” A-10.

54. Quoted in Boyer, When Time Shall Be, 142.

55. Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 135.

CHAPTER 2: SPOOKY KNOWLEDGE AND LAST THINGS

1. Watts, Nature of Consciousness, Tape 2.

2. Exod. 33:20 (JPS).

3. Num. 12:6 (JPS).

4. Deut. 29:29 (JPS).

5. 2 Cor. 12:1–2, 1 Cor. 13:12 (KJV).

6. 2 Cor. 12:1–2, 12:4 (KJV).

7. John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 138, describing the Book of Enoch.

8. Schüssler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 40–41.

9. Quoted in Hubert Cancik, “The End of the World, of History, and of the Individual in Greek and Roman Antiquity,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 89 (“The eternal return…”).

10. Rennie B. Schoepflin, “Apocalypse in an Age of Science,” in Stein, Apocalypticism, 428–29.

11. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 90, citing Suetonius.

12. Anders Hultgård, “Persian Apocalypticism,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 39. Hultgård insists that “an apocalyptic eschatology is firmly attested in Zoroastrianism already in the sixth century B.C.E.,” but concedes that the dating of some Persian texts is subject to scholarly debate (79).

13. James C. VanderKam, “Messianism and Apocalyticism,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 196, 197.

14. 1 Sam. 29:4 (JPS).

15. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 53 (adapted).

16. Job 2:6 (JPS).

17. Ezek. 38: 2 (JPS). (Elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, both Gog and Magog are the names of individuals rather than nations. Magog is identified as one of the grandsons of Noah in Gen. 10:9 and 1 Chron. 1:5. Gog is one of the sons of an Israelite man named Joel in 1 Chron. 5:4. These individuals are apparently unrelated to the nations identified as Gog and Magog in Revelation, or to the monarch called “Gog of the land of Magog” in Ezekiel).

18. Ezek. 38:23 (TNK).

19. Ezek. 39:26 (TNK).

20. Ezek. 39:28 (TNK).

21. Amos 8:2, 9 (TNK; adapted).

22. Amos 9:14–15 (TNK).

23. Ezek. 1:5–10 (TNK).

24. Ezek. 1:19 (KJV).

25. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 13.

26. Bernard McGinn, “Introduction: John’s Apocalypse and the Apocalyptic Mentality,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 7.

27. Rev. 12:9 (KJV).

28. Deut. 28:58, 28:34 (RSV).

29. Deut. 28:59, 28:27, 28:28, 28:49 (TNK).

30. Deut. 28:30, 28:32 (RSV).

31. Deut. 28:56–57 (TNK).

32. Jer. 5:19 (RSV).

33. Isa. 45:1, 45:4 (TNK; adapted).

34. Quoted in Gorenberg, End of Days, 203.

35. Dubnow, Short History, 89.

36. Graetz, Popular History, 1:331.

37. Graetz, Popular History, 1:336.

38. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, citing 2 Macc. 4:7 ff.

39. Graetz, Popular History, 326.

40. S. Schwartz, quoted in Gruen, Heritage and Hellenism, 5 n. 8.

41. “Kulturkampf” was first used to refer to the struggle in the late nineteenth century between the government of Germany and the Roman Catholic Church over the right to control the schools and churches.

42. Flavius Josephus, The Works of Josephus , trans. William Whitson (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987), Antiquities of the Jews , 12.5, 4, 324.

43. John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 158, 159.

44. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 47.

45. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 47.

46. Dan. 1:4 (JPS).

47. Dan. 2:20, 2:22 (JPS; adapted).

48. Dan. 7:18 (TNK).

49. Dan. 7:7, 7:9, 7:10, 7:13, 7:14 (JPS).

50. Dan. 7:15–16 (TNK).

51. Dan. 7:17 (TNK).

52. Dan. 7:27 (JPS).

53. Dan. 3:25 (JPS).

54. Dan. 8:25 (RSV); Dan. 12:1 (KJV).

55. Dan. 9:24 (KJV; adapted).

56. Dan. 12:2 (KJV); Dan. 12:3 (RSV; adapted).

57. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 13 (“child of prophecy”); Bernard McGinn, “Introduction: John’s Apocalypse and the Apocalyptic Mentality,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 9–10 (“mother of Christianity”).

58. Dan. 7:10 (TNK).

59. Dan. 12:1 (KJV).

60. Job 25:6 (TNK).

61. Dan. 7:13–14 (JPS; adapted).

62. Jer. 29:10, 29:11 (JPS).

63. Dan. 9:21, 9:24 (RSV; adapted).

64. Dan. 12:11, 12:12 (NKJ).

65. John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 144.

66. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 50.

67. Moshe Idel, “Jewish Apocalypticism: 760–1670,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 207. (Idel also cites “the drama of redemption in Exodus” as one of the sources of Western apocalypticism.)

68. Bernard McGinn, “The Last Judgment in Christian Tradition,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 367.

69. Paul D. Hanson, “Introductory Overview,” in “Apocalypses and Apocalypticism,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:280.

70. Quoted in John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 137.

71. Gen. 5:24 (JPS).

72. Gen. 6:4.

73. Adela Yarbro Collins, “The Book of Revelation,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 407, quoting 1 Enoch 9:8.

74. Dan. 4:13 (KJV).

75. 1 Enoch 7:2, 8:1–2, quoted in John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 136–37.

76. 1 Enoch 10:4–7, quoted in John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 137–38.

77. Ford, Revelation, 31.

78. John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 140–41.

79. Dan. 9:26 (JPS).

80. 1 Enoch 60, quoted in Ehrman, Jesus, 147 (adapted).

81. John J. Collins, “Early Jewish Apocalypticism,” in “Apocalypses and Apocalypticism,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:286.