Chalmers Johnson - MITI and the Japanese miracle

34. See MITI, 1972, p. 19.

35. Hata, p. 373; MITI Journalists' Club, 1956, p. 15.

36. Ichimada's name is difficult to romanize; his family name sometimes appears as Ichimanda and his given name as Hisato. I have used the form given in

The Yoshida Memoirs

, p. 255. On Yoshida's offer of the Finance portfolio to him, see Shioguchi, p. 32; and Abe, pp. 109, 239, 255.

37. See, inter alia, Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 24849, 264; Matsumoto, 2: 95; MITI Journalists' Club, 1956, pp. 24951; and MITI Journalists' Club, 1963a, p. 16.

38. On SCAP's belief that a "planned economy was necessary" for Japan, see Shiroyama, Aug. 1975, p. 313. For SCAP's affinities with the socialist Katayama government, see Haji, p. 235.

39. Kakuma, 1979b, p. 14.

40.

Fifty Years

, p. 215.

41. Quoted in Nakamura, 1974, p. 154.

42. For Ichimada's connection with Whitney, see Shioguchi, pp. 31, 24850.

43. On the RFB, see Arisawa, 1976, pp. 28689.

44. On coal policy, see History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1977a, pp. 461. The author of this important monograph is Takahashi Shoji* of Mie University. See also Kojima Tsunehisa; and Kato*, pp. 2830. For Okamatsu's recollections of the "food for coal" policy, see MITI, 1960, pp. 10910.

45. On MCI's Planning Office and priority production, see the memoirs of Kojima Keizo*, in Industrial Policy Research Institute, p. 256.

46. The basic source on the ESB is Economic Planning Agency, 1976, pp. 2473, including Arisawa's recollections, pp. 4057.

47. On an American precedent for the ESB, see MITI, 1962, p. 349.

48. On the purge of Ishibashi, see Watanabe, pp. 5155; Wildes, p. 138; and

The Yoshida Memoirs

, p. 93.

49. See "Yamaguchi hanji no eiyo* shitchoshi*" (The death of Judge Yamaguchi because of insufficient nutrition), in

Showa$pe3

:

shi jiten

, pp. 28384.

50. On the coal nationalization law, see Arisawa, 1976, p. 291; and MITI, 1965, p. 446. Takahashi Hikohiro notes that the only people who were enthusiastic about the nationalization of coal were MCI bureaucrats. See his "Shakaito* shuhan naikaku no seiritsu to zasetsu" (The establishment and collapse of the Socialist party cabinet), in

Iwanami

koza

*, p. 286. In 1975, twenty-eight years after he worked on the law and while he was serving as president of the nation's largest enterprise (Japan Steel), Hirai Tomisaburo* still spoke fondly of coal nationalization and how he had worked hard to achieve it. See

Tsusan jyanaru

, May 24, 1975, p. 29.

Page 355

51. For Kudo's * comment, see Kakuma, 1979b, p. 29. For Ikeda's, see Shioguchi, p. 112. See also Japan Development Bank, p. 484; and Ikeda.

52. See Akaboshi, p. 16.

53. Cohen, p. 431.

54. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Monograph 50, "Foreign Trade," p. 152. (This monograph was declassified only on February 27, 1970.)

55. Boeki-cho* translates literally as "trade agency," but the BOT itself used the title "Board of Trade" on its stationery and other official documents. For the creation of the BOT, see MITI, 1965, p. 414; and MITI, 1971, p. 361.

56. For Toyoda's recollections, see MITI, 1960, pp. 1056; and

Tsusan

*

jyanaru

*, May 24, 1975, p. 24.

57. Japan External Trade Organization, p. 3.

58. Inaba, 1965, pp. 21837. See also Fukui Haruhiro, "Economic Planning in Postwar Japan: A Case Study in Policy Making,"

Asian Survey

, 12 (Apr. 1972): 33031.

59. Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 1314, 25355; MITI, 1960, p. 113 (Matsuda Taro's* recollections); Nawa, 1974, p. 33; and Shiroyama, Aug. 1975, p. 314.

60. See Shioguchi, pp. 4042.

61. For Inagaki's speech, see MITI, 1962, pp. 38687.

62. See Ozaki, 1972; and MITI, 1971, pp. 39099.

63. MITI, 1962, pp. 44849.

64. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Monograph 50, "Foreign Trade," p. 110.

65. Hollerman, 1979, p. 719.

66. Charles S. Maier,

Recasting Bourgeois Europe

(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 580, 582.

Six

1. Nakamura, 1969, p. 313.

2. Japan Development Bank, p. 17.

3. See Johnson, 1972.

4. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Monograph 47, "The Heavy Industries," p. 120.