Chalmers Johnson - MITI and the Japanese miracle

, Feb. 21, 1980; and the important follow-up letter of Martin Bronfenbrenner, "How Japanese Firms Pick Their Workers,"

Wall Street Journal

, Mar. 10, 1980.

38. Noda Nobuo, p. 24; Sakaguchi, p. 175; and the eulogy of Ishikawa, written by Deming, in Federation of Economic Organizations, pp. 26467. The 1980 recipient of the Deming Prize was the Fuji Xerox Co. See

Wall Street Journal

, Oct. 16, 1980.

39. MITI,

Nempo

(fiscal 1951), p. 148; and (fiscal 1952), p. 136.

40. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Monograph 50, "Foreign Trade," p. 130.

41. Ariga Michiko, "Regulation of International Licensing Agreements under the Japanese Antimonopoly Law," in Doi and Shattuck, p. 289.

42. MITI,

Nempo

(fiscal 1951), p. 149.

43. MITI, 1957, pp. 1314.

44. Sahashi, 1972, p. 160.

45. See Arisawa, 1976, pp. 34447; Akimi, pp. 4953; and MITI, 1970, p. 502. For an example of a later MITI official needling Ichimada because of his opposition to the Kawasaki project, see Amaya, pp. 7576.

46. On the World Bank loans, see MITI, 1972, p. 101. On the reaction to them, see the memoirs of Obori* Hiromu, who went to Washington to help negotiate the loans, in Industrial Policy Research Institute, p. 238; and MITI Journalists' Club, 1956, pp. 4748.

47. See Hirai's comments in

Tsusan

*

jyanaru

*, May 24, 1975, p. 29. See also Onishi*, p. 12.

48. Akimi, p. 78; Akimoto, pp. 1921; and MITI Journalists' Club, 1956, pp. 6687.

49. See "Kurabu kisha hodan*" (Free discussion by Press Club journalists),

Tsusan jyanaru

, May 24, 1975, p. 50.

50. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Monograph 26, "Promotion of Fair Trade Practices," pp. 95, 101.

51.

Ibid.

, p. 60.

52. On the Bridgestone case, see Hewins, p. 310; on the du PontToray case, see Senba Tsuneyoshi, "Sengo sangyo* gorika* to gijutsu donyu*" (Postwar industrial rationalization and the import of technology), in History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1977a, pp. 11819.

53. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers,

Historical Monographs

, vol. X, part C, "Elimination of Private Control Associations," p. 85. This mono-

Page 358

graph is not included in the set microfilmed, renumbered, and made generally available by the U.S. National Archives; it was microfilmed by the National Archives on June 4, 1974, at the special request of the author.

54. See, e.g., MITI, 1969a, p. 6.

55. Maeda, 1975, p. 14.

56. "New Japanese Law Sanctions Cartels,"

New York Times

, Sept. 27, 1953.

57. On the steel industry's "public sales system" see Nawa, 1976a, pp. 14654; Sahashi, 1967, pp. 18085; and "Gyosei * shido* no jittai o arau" (Probing the realities of administrative guidance),

Toyo

*

keizai

, Apr. 6, 1974, pp. 3133. Ariga Michiko, a long-time staff member of the FTC and the first woman to become a commissioner (196772), refers to the steel sales system as an "emasculation" of the AML. See the interview with her, "Kazaana aita dokkinho*'' (The AML riddled with holes),

Ekonomisuto

Editorial Board, 1: 22654, particularly pp. 24344.

58. MITI,

Nempo

* (fiscal 1957), pp. 100101; (fiscal 1958), p. 100; and (fiscal 1959), p. 99.

59. Sahashi, 1971a, pp. 26675; Sahashi, 1972, pp. 1819.

60. Kakuma, 1979b, p. 106.

61. Economic Planning Agency, 1976, pp. 7576; and Onishi*, p. 13. Kusayanagi Daizo* touches on the origins of the heavy and chemical industrialization policy in

Bungei

shunju

*, Aug. 1974, pp. 11213.

62. For the text of the MITI plan, see MITI, 1962, pp. 499501.

63. See Hirai's comments on Okano and Ishibashi, in Matsubayashi, 1973, pp. 3134, 4142; and Industrial Policy Research Institute, p. 247.

64. Quoted in

Consider Japan

, p. 56.

65. See Shibagaki Kazuo, in Tokyo University, 1975, 8: 89.

66. Japan External Trade Organization, pp. 268, 95152. The JETRO Establishment Law is printed in an English translation, pp. 93543.

67. See "How Foreign Lobby Molds U.S. Opinion,"

San Francisco Chronicle

, Sept. 15, 1976. Between 1959 and 1962 the New York office of JETRO also employed the services of former New York governor Thomas E. Dewey as a lobbyist. See Japan External Trade Organization, p. 78.

68.

Ekonomisuto

Editorial Board, 1: 100105; Japan External Trade Organization, p. 49;

Fifty Years

, p. 273; MITI Journalists' Club, 1956, pp. 88101; and Stone, pp. 14748.

69. Nakamura, 1969, p. 309.