Chalmers Johnson - MITI and the Japanese miracle

22. On the number of MITI vice-ministers with experience in Europe but not in the United States, despite the weight of Japanese-American trade, see Endo *, 1975, p. 110.

23. On Konaga and Uchida, see Kusayanagi, 1974, pp. 11619.

24. Sahashi, 1967, pp. 24551.

25. See Japanese Diet, pp. 24.

26. See the obituaries of Ishizaka Taizo* in

Japan Times

, Mar. 7, 1975, and

San Francisco Chronicle

, Mar. 7, 1975.

27. MITI, 1969a, pp. 2, 11.

28. See Akaboshi, pp. 9396; Sahashi, 1967, pp. 24045; MITI Journalists' Club, 1963a, p. 38; and Resources Development and Management Research Council, p. 60, s.v. "Maruzen Oil Company."

29. The primary source on the "Fukuda typhoon," including the direct quotations in this and the following paragraphs, is MITI Journalists' Club, Oct. 1963.

30. Akimoto, pp. 91, 14243; Kakuma, 1979b, pp. 3446; Sahashi, 1967, pp. 25768; and Policy Review Company, 1968, p. 89.

31. On the "structural recession" thesis, see Arisawa, 1976, pp. 46567. For MITI's endorsement of this thesis, see MITI,

Nempo

* (fiscal 1965), p. 64.

32. For Fukuda's speech, see MITI,

Nempo

(fiscal 1964), p. 59; for the first use of

gyosei

*

shido

*, see

ibid.

(fiscal 1962), p. 123.

33.

The Economist

, Nov. 10, 1979, p. 85;

Japan Economic Journal

, May 14, 1974.

34.

Newsweek

, Aug. 21, 1972.

35. Stone, p. 152.

36. "'Gyosei* Shido*' Gets Close Public Scrutiny,"

Japan Times

, June 3, 1974.

37. Henderson, p. 202. See also Maeda, 1968, pp. 3840.

38. Shiroyama, Aug. 1975, p. 317. See also Amaya, p. 79; and Yamamoto, p. 81.

39. Yamanouchi, p. 193.

40.

Ibid.

, pp. 4749.

41. "Administrative Guidance,"

Mainichi Daily News

, Jan. 8, 1976.

42. Hewins, p. 305. The main official source on mergers is MITI, Enterprises Bureau, ed.,

Kigyo

*

gappei

(Enterprise mergers) (Tokyo: Okura-sho* Insatsukyoku, 1970).

43. Hollerman, 1967, p. 252.

44. Sahashi, 1967, pp. 29495. See Nakayama Sohei's high estimate of Sahashi's contribution to this merger in

Ekonomisuto

, July 13, 1976, p. 87.

45. Nawa, 1976a, p. 141; "Gyosei shido* no jittai o arau" (Probing the realities of administrative guidance),

Toyo

*

keizai

, Apr. 6, 1974, pp. 3133.

46. The primary sources on the Sumitomo Metals Company incident are Sahashi, 1967, pp. 28289; and Hyuga*, in

Ekonomisuto

Editorial Board, 2: 6774. See also Akaboshi, pp. 8392; Akimoto, pp. 5863; Industrial Policy Research Institute, pp. 11719; Kakuma, 1979b, pp. 17276; Nawa, 1976a, pp. 15966; Yamamoto, pp. 8284; and Yamanouchi, pp. 2930. For citations on legal studies of the incident, see Yamanouchi, p. 53, n. 2. For Kumagai's amakudari, see Matsubayashi, 1973, pp. 182, 194.

Page 361

47.

Report of the Japan-United States Economic Relations Group, Prepared for the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Japan

(Washington, D.C.: Japan-U.S. Economic Relations Group, 1981), p. 61.

Eight

1. Quoted in Suzuki Yukio, 1969, pp. 49, 124.

2. MITI,

Nempo

* (fiscal 1965), p. 69.

3. Nawa, 1974, pp. 3940.

4. Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 7375.

5. See Kato* Hidetoshi, "Sanken: A Power Above Government,"

The Japan Interpreter

, 7 (Winter 1971): 3642; Nawa, 1976a, pp. 8182, 26566; and Yamamoto, pp. 7475.

6. See the interviews with Nakayama Sohei, in

Ekonomisuto

, July 6 and 13, 1976.

7. For details, see Allan R. Pearl, "Liberalization of Capital in Japan, Parts I and II,"

Harvard International Law Journal

, 13, nos. 1 and 2 (Winter and Spring, 1972): 5987, 24570.

8. See "Japanese Economy Attracts Oil Money,"

Washington Post

, Oct. 5, 1980.

9. On the funeral controversy, see Kakuma, 1979b, pp. 4749; Matsubayashi, 1973, p. 138; and Sahashi, 1967, pp. 299306. See also the volume of the Kawahara Hideyuki Memorial Committee.

10. For the text and an analysis of the MITI-FTC agreement, see Ueno, pp. 2426.

11. Ojimi* and Uchida, p. 31. See also Yamamoto's comments (on the

Mainichi