Chalmers Johnson - MITI and the Japanese miracle

29. Havens, p. 80; Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 12428.

30. History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1975, 1: 145; 2: 4445; and Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 11721.

31. Maeda, 1975, p. 9.

32. Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 18485.

33. Nawa, 1974, p. 20.

34. See Cho*; Fujiwara, pp. 32223; Oshima* Kiyoshi, "The World Economic Crisis and Japan's Foreign Economic Policy,"

The Developing Economies

, 5,

Page 350

(Dec. 1967): 62847; Hugh T. Patrick, "The Economic Muddle of the 1920's," in Morley, pp. 21166; MITI, 1960, pp. 1112; and Yasuhara, p. 30.

35. Kishi, Sept. 1979, p. 282; Nishiyama, pp. 12932. The metric system did not replace all indigenous Japanese measures until 1959. Iwatake Teruhiko of MITI was the official responsible for completing the shift to metric. See Iwatake, pp. 12224.

36. Shiroyama, Aug. 1975, p. 304.

37. Arisawa, 1976, p. 64.

38. Yoshino Shinji Memorial Society, p. 233.

39. Arisawa, 1976, p. 65.

40. Oshima * Kiyoshi (n. 34), p. 633; Arisawa, 1976, p. 20.

41. Quoted in Harari, pp. 4748.

42. On Yoshino's succession to the vice-ministership, see Yoshino Shinji Memorial Society, pp. 23350. On Kishi and the pay dispute, see Imai; Kurzman, pp. 11011; and Yoshimoto, pp. 8588. Some of the noncareer officials whom Kishi supported later transferred to work in the Manchukuo government, where they remained intensely loyal to Kishi. See Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 18788. After Kishi returned from Europe, the pay dispute erupted again. Although the Hamaguchi cabinet ordered the pay cut in October 1929, the Wakatsuki cabinet actually carried it out only on May 27, 1931. Kishi clashed with MCI Minister Sakurauchi, and this time Kishi's sempai from the same feudal han, Matsumura Giichi of the House of Peers and also parliamentary vice-minister of MCI, had to be called in to force Kishi to back down. See Watanabe Yasuo, "Nihon no komuinsei*" (Japan's public service system), in Tsuji, 2: 12729; Kono*; and Robert M. Spaulding, Jr., "The Bureaucracy as a Political Force, 192045," in Morley, pp. 5355.

43. Yoshino Shinji, 1935, p. 313.

44. Maeda, in Arisawa, 1976, p. 64.

45. The Major Export Industries Association Law of 1925 was amended in 1931 and 1934 to broaden its scope and give the cartels powers to compel compliance by outsiders. MCI's powers of supervision were also strengthened. The unions of medium and smaller enterprises exercised control primarily over the textile, knitwork, enamelware, celluloid, match, toy, fertilizer, and printing industries.

46. Hadley, p. 330.

47. MITI, 1964, p. 54. For the text of the law and a detailed analysis of each article, see pp. 4773.

48. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 21314; Arisawa, 1976, p. 93; Fujiwara, pp. 35253; and Takase Masao.

Four

1. For the text of the Munitions Industries Mobilization Law, see MITI, 1964, pp. 2529. On "state of incident," see the

New York Times

, Mar. 16, 1938.

2. History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1975, 2: 27071.

3. See Peattie, p. 67.

4. On Uemura, see

Kankai

Editorial Board, Mar. 1976.

5. For the text of the law, see MITI, 1964, pp. 3637.

Page 351

6. Fujiwara, pp. 38485.

7. Ministry of Finance, Secretariat, pp. 5255, 67, 71, 7479, 1012, 151, 173, 18283; Yasuhara, p. 32.

8. Osaka

Asahi shimbun

, July 21, 1928; quoted by Yamamura Katsuro *, ''The Role of the Finance Ministry," in Borg and Okamoto, p. 291.

9. Anderson, pp. 84, 93.

10. See History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1978; and Kato*, p. 24.

11. On the Teijin case, see Roberts, pp. 29495; Arthur E. Tiedemann, "Big Business and Politics in Prewar Japan," in Morley, pp. 29496; and Yoshida Shigeru Biography Publication Committee, p. 72. (Note that this Yoshida Shigeru is a different person from the man who became prime minister after the war.)

12. Nakamura, 1974, pp. 3031.

13. Ide and Ishida, p. 110.

14. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 356, 36769.

15. Arisawa, 1976, pp. 11319; Kato Toshihiko, "Gunbu no keizai tosei* shiso*" (The military's economic control ideology), in Tokyo University, 1979, vol. 2,

Senji Nihon keizai

(The wartime Japanese economy), pp. 67110.

16. Shiina, 1976.

17. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 27778.