Chalmers Johnson - MITI and the Japanese miracle

62. Nishiyama, pp. 10914, 22830.

63. Spaulding, p. 265, table 45.

64. See the preface by Kishi in Yoshino Shinji Memorial Society,

Yoshino Shinji

. For Kishi's high regard for Yoshino, see Kishi, Sept. 1979, p. 282.

65. "Amakudari" (Descent from heaven),

Shukan

*

yomiuri

, Sept. 4, 1976, p. 149.

66. Honda, 1: 16469.

67. Shibusawa, p. 17. See also Konaka, pp. 99125.

68.

Mainichi Daily News

, Apr. 8, 1974.

69. Clark, pp. 3637.

70. Sakakibara, 1977a, pp. 3132.

71.

Mainichi Daily News

, Apr. 8, 1974.

72. Kakuma, 1979b, p. 100.

73. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 24250; Shiina, 1970, p. 212.

74. In Tsuji, 4: 17981.

75. Kusayanagi, 1974, p. 126; Nawa, 1975, p. 80; and

Japan Times

, July 1, 1974. For a bibliography of Hayashi's numerous articles, see Ozaki, 1970.

76. Ojimi* and Uchida, p. 31.

77. MITI Journalists' Club, 1963a, p. 227.

78. Misono*, p. 13.

79. Takeuchi, p. 63.

80. Akimi, pp. 913; MITI Journalists' Club, 1956, pp. 26669; and Akimoto, pp. 1921.

81. The report that set off the incident of 197980 was Jin Itsuko*, Oka Kuniyuki, and Murakami Masaki, "Kodan*, yakunin, giin, jigyodan* no ketsuzei 13-cho* en kuichirashi" (How public corporations, bureaucrats, and Diet members gobble up 13 trillion yen of tax receipts),

Gendai

, Nov. 1979, pp. 80110.

82.

Mainichi Daily News

, Jan. 6, 1976.

83. For a list of Japanese government corruption cases from 1872 to 1976, see Ouchi* Minoru,

Fuhai no

kozo

*,

Ajia-teki kenryoku no tokushitsu

(The structure of corruption; characteristics of Asian political authority) (Tokyo: Daiyamondo Sha, 1977), pp. 19396.

84. See, e.g.,

Far Eastern Economic Review

, July 1, 1974, pp. 3336; and

Japan Times Weekly

, Apr. 28, 1979, p. 5.

85. Fukumoto, pp. 15759.

86. Takada Shin'ichi, "Tsusan* OB no zensangyo* 'amakudari' bumpuzu"

Page 348

("Amakudari" distribution map of former MITI officials),

Zaikai

tenbo

*, Aug. 1978, pp. 8490.

87. See Ward Sinclair, "Good Grazing for Old Firehorses,"

San Francisco Chronicle

, Feb. 10, 1980 (reprinted from the

Washington Post

). See also

Serving Two Masters: A Common Cause Study of Conflicts of Interest in the Executive Branch

(Washington, D.C.: Common Cause, 1976).

88. Hadley, p. 38.

89. Quoted by Shiba and Nozue, p. 32.

90. Amaya, p. 57.

91. Nakamura, 1969, p. 314.

92. For a complete list of the members of the Kayo-kai*, see MITI Journalists' Club, 1963a, pp. 4142, 26676.

93. Iwatake, pp. 3067;

Shukan

*

yomiuri

, Sept. 4, 1976, p. 149.

94. The basic source on this subject is Okochi*, in Tsuji, 2: 77110.

95. Shinobu Seizaburo*, "From Party Politics to Military Dictatorship,"

The Developing Economies

, 5 (Dec. 1967): 66684.

96. Sahashi, July 1971, p. 108.

97. Sakakibara, Nov. 1977, p. 73.

98.

Mainichi Daily News

, Aug. 2, 1974;

ibid.

, Jan. 10, 1976.

99.

Keizai seisaku

, p. 211.

100. See Johnson, 1977, pp. 23544.

101. Honda, 2: 47.

102. Ojimi* and Uchida, p. 32.

103.

Mainichi Daily News

, Jan. 21, 1976; Honda, 2: 77.

104. Suzuki Kenji, "Keisatsu o shimedashite, Boeicho* o nottoru okura* kanryo*" (Freezing out the police: Ministry of Finance bureaucrats take over the Defense Agency),

Sande

*

mainichi

, July 30, 1978, pp. 13234. For the background of the Self-Defense Forces, see Martin E. Weinstein,