Chalmers Johnson - MITI and the Japanese miracle

Sori

*

daijin

, pp. 5657.

19. Duus and Okimoto, p. 70.

20. Craig, p. 7.

21. The basic source on the purge is Hans H. Baerwald,

The Purge of Japanese Leaders Under the Occupation

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959).

Page 346

22. Sato *, p. 60.

23. Amaya, p. 72.

24. Noda Economic Research Institute, p. 5.

25. Roser, p. 201.

26. See Ide Yoshinori, in Tokyo University, 1974, 3: 14958.

27. For details, see Okochi* Shigeo, "Nihon no gyosei* soshiki" (The organization of administration in Japan), in Tsuji, 2: 9499.

28. Kakuma, 1979b, p. 5

et seq.

29. "Shihai taisei no seisaku to kiko*" (The policies and structure of the ruling system), in Oka, pp. 5368.

30. Campbell, p. 128, n. 29.

31. Wildes, p. 92.

32. "Kanryo* o dosuru" (What about the bureaucracy?),

Chuo

*

koron

*, Aug. 1947, p. 3.

33. Okubo*, pp. 45.

34. Watanabe Yasuo, "Komuin* no kyaria" (Careers of officials), in Tsuji, 4: 200; Sato, pp. 6061.

35. Sugimori Koji*, "The Social Background of Political Leadership in Japan,"

The Developing Economies

, 6 (Dec. 1968): 499500.

36. Robert M. Spaulding, Jr., "The Bureaucracy as a Political Force, 192045," in Morley, p. 37.

37. For statistics on the numbers of cabinet and private bills introduced in the first thirty Diets under the Constitution of 1947, see Fukumoto, pp. 13236. See also T. J. Pempel, "The Bureaucratization of Policy-making in Postwar Japan,"

American Journal of Political Science

, 18 (Nov. 1974): 64764.

38. See Ministry of Finance, Tax Bureau, p. 9; and Hollerman, 1967, p. 248. Odahashi Sadaju, former technical adviser to the House of Councillors Commerce and Industry Committee, declares that the shingikai have actually taken over the Diet functions of deliberating on laws. See Odahashi, p. 23. See also Yung H. Park, "The Governmental Advisory Commission System in Japan,"

Journal of Comparative Administration

, 3 (Feb. 1972): 43567. For studies of particular shingikai, see Yung H. Park, "The Central Council for Education, Organized Business, and the Politics of Education Policy-making in Japan,"

Comparative Education Review

, 19 (June 1975): 296311; and Michael W. Donnelly, "Setting the Price of Rice: A Study in Political Decisionmaking," in Pempel, pp. 143200.

39. Interview with Sahashi Shigeru, Tokyo, Sept. 5, 1974.

40. "Nihon ni okeru seisaku kettei no seiji katei" (The political processes of policy-making in Japan), in Taniuchi, pp. 78.

41. Yamamoto, pp. 4650, 7478.

42. MITI Journalists' Club, Oct. 1963, p. 76. For the term kakuremino as applied to shingikai, see Yamamoto, p. 21.

43. Weber, p. 1416.

44. "Gendai yosan seiji shiron" (A sketch of modern budgetary politics), in Taniuchi, p. 107.

45. Campbell, p. 280.

46. Titus, p. 11.

47. Wildes, p. 113.

48. On income distribution, see Boltho, p. 163.

Page 347

49. In Taniuchi, pp. 1520.

50. Sato *, p. 66.

51. Akimoto, p. 142.

52. Matsubayashi, 1976, p. 233.

53. Ito* Daiichi, 1968, pp. 45758.

54. Industrial Policy Research Institute, p. 264.

55. See Kusayanagi, May 1969, p. 165; Matsumoto, 1: 16; and Takeuchi, p. 14.

56. Akaboshi, p. 171.

57. Martin Landau and Russell Stout, Jr., "To Manage Is Not to Control,"

Public Administration Review

, 39 (Mar.Apr. 1979): 151.

58. Kusayanagi, Jan. 1969, p. 180.

59. "Tsusan-sho* ni miru gendai keibatsu kenkyu*" (Research on modern keibatsu as seen in MITI),

Zaikai

tenbo

*, Aug. 1978, pp. 6265.

60. Kubota, p. 50.

61. Matsubayashi, 1973, p. 85.