Prof. Lars O. Nord - Carbon Dioxide Emission Management in Power Generation

1 Cover

2 Preface

3 Acknowledgements

4 NomenclatureLatin Symbols Greek Symbols Abbreviations

5 Organisation and Use of Book

6 1 Introduction1.1 Greenhouse Effect 1.2 Atmospheric CO 2 1.3 Natural Accumulations and Emissions of CO 2 1.4 Man-made Emissions of CO 2 1.5 Climate Change 1.6 Fossil Fuel Resources 1.7 Definition and Rationale of CO 2Capture and Storage (CCS) 1.8 Magnitude of CCS 1.9 Public Acceptance of CCS 1.10 Show-stoppers for CCS Deployment? 1.11 History of CCS Notes

7 2 Long-Term Storage of CO 22.1 Storage Time and Volume 2.2 Underground Storage 2.3 Ocean Storage 2.4 Mineral Carbonation 2.5 Industrial Use – Products 2.6 Requirements for CO 2Purity and Transportation 2.7 CO 2Compression and Conditioning 2.8 Transportation Hazards of CO 2 2.9 Monitoring of CO 2Storage Note

8 3 Fuels3.1 Coal 3.2 Liquid Fuels 3.3 Gaseous Fuels 3.4 Fuel Usage Note

9 4 CO 2Generation, Usage, and Properties 4.1 Short on CO 2 4.2 CO 2Chemistry and Energy Conversion 4.3 Combustion 4.4 Analogy Between CO 2Capture and Desulfurisation 4.5 Industrial Processes 4.6 How Do We Use CO 2? 4.7 CO 2and Humans 4.8 Properties of CO 2 Notes

10 5 Power Plant Technologies 5.1 Coal-Fired Power Plants 5.2 Gas Turbine Power Plants 5.3 Combined Cycles 5.4 Heat Recovery Steam Generators 5.5 Steam Cycle Cooling Systems 5.6 Internal Combustion Engines 5.7 Flue Gas Cleaning Technologies in Power Plants Notes

11 6 Theory of Gas Separation6.1 Gas Separation in CO 2Capture 6.2 Theory of Compression and Expansion 6.3 Theory of Separation 6.4 Minimum Work Requirement for Separation – Examples Notes

12 7 Power Plant Efficiency Calculations 7.1 General Definition of Efficiency 7.2 Definition of the Term ‘Efficiency’ 7.3 Fuel Energy 7.4 Efficiency Calculations 7.5 Heat Rate Versus Efficiency 7.6 Additional Consumption of Fuel for CO 2Capture 7.7 Relating Work Requirement for CO 2Capture and Efficiency 7.8 Terms Related to CO 2Accounting Notes

13 8 Classification of CO 2Capture Methods8.1 Following the CO 2Path 8.2 Principles for Combining Power Plants and CO 2Capture 8.3 Dilution of CO 2

14 9 CO 2Capture by Gas Absorption 9.1 Theory of Absorption 9.2 Absorption Process 9.3 Solvents for Absorption 9.4 Solvent Contaminants 9.5 Solvent Loading 9.6 Energy Use in Absorption Processes Notes

15 10 CO 2Capture by Other Gas Separation Methods 10.1 Membranes 10.2 Adsorption 10.3 Calcium Looping 10.4 Anti-sublimation 10.5 Distillation 10.6 CO 2Hydrate Formation 10.7 Electrochemical Separation Processes Notes

16 11 Removing Carbon from the Fuel – Pre-combustion CO 2Capture11.1 Principle 11.2 Hydrogenator and Desulfuriser 11.3 Pre-reforming 11.4 Reformers 11.5 Gasification Theory and Principles 11.6 Gasifiers 11.7 Syngas Quenching 11.8 Syngas Coolers 11.9 COS Hydrolysis 11.10 Water—Gas Shift (WGS) 11.11 Integrated Pre-combustion Approaches Note

17 12 Pre-combustion CO 2Capture in Power Cycles12.1 Classification 12.2 IGCC with CO 2Capture 12.3 IRCC – Integrated Reforming Combined Cycle Note

18 13 Post-combustion CO 2Capture in Power Cycles13.1 Classification 13.2 Power Plant with Absorption of CO 2from the Flue Gas 13.3 Post-combustion Efficiency Penalty – Absorption 13.4 Steam Turbine Steam Extraction 13.5 Flue Gas Pressure Drop 13.6 Post-combustion CO 2Capture at Atmospheric Pressure with Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR) 13.7 Post-combustion CO 2Capture at Elevated Pressure

19 14 Oxy-combustion CO 2Capture in Power Cycles 14.1 Classification 14.2 Air Separation for Production of Oxygen 14.3 Oxy-combustion with Coal 14.4 Oxy-combustion with Natural Gas

20 References

21 GlossaryTerms Terms Used for Coal

22 Index

23 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Global warming potential (GWP) – relative to CO 2– as well as atmos...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Simplified analysis of the effect of CO 2used in EOR, EGR, and ECBM... Table 2.2 CO 2quality requirements for transport and storage. Table 2.3 Operational information for some existing CO 2pipelines.

3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Composition and properties of petroleum coke and some selected type...Table 3.2 Composition and properties of liquid fuels.Table 3.3 Composition and properties of gaseous fuels.

4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Enthalpy of formation at 1 bar, 25 °C.Table 4.2 Converting CO 2to other carbon-containing substances (1 bar, 25 °C)...Table 4.3 Characteristics of typical gas turbine fuels.Table 4.4 Atom balances for combustion – methane with excess air ratios of 3 ...Table 4.5 Emission from humans by respiration. The volumetric content of CO 2...Table 4.6 Occupational exposure standards.

5 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Efficiency versus heat rate, according to Eq. (7.8).

6 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Differences between physical and chemical solvents for acid gas abs...

7 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Performance data of polymeric membranes separating CO 2/N 2streams....

8 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Characteristics of different gasifier types.

9 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Efficiencies for different power plant types and sizes with pre-co...

10 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Composition of dry air.Table 14.2 Typical O 2requirements for different CO 2capture technologies.

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Vostok ice core data for 420 000 years. Atmospheric CO 2concentra... Figure 1.2 Options for reducing global warming.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Options for storing CO 2in deep underground geological formations... Figure 2.2 EOR with CO 2.Figure 2.3 Example flow sheet for a CO 2compression process with a three-sta...Figure 2.4 Work for compression CO 2from 1.013 bar and 30 °C, saturated with...Figure 2.5 Work for compression CO 2from a given inlet pressure and 30 °C to...Figure 2.6 Block diagram of two possible processes for flue gas separation: ...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Types of coals, their main uses, and reserve shares.Figure 3.2 Historical coal prices 1990–2017.Figure 3.3 Total world primary energy consumption as % by fuel or energy sou...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Enthalpy of formation for various carbon-containing substances (1...Figure 4.2 Formation of CO 2from various fuels. On the right-hand side ordin...Figure 4.3 Phase diagram of CO 2. The critical point is at 73.773 bar and 30....Figure 4.4 Log p-H diagram for CO 2. Lines for constant temperature (−55 to...Figure 4.5 The density of CO 2at different pressures and temperatures. In th...Figure 4.6 Compressibility ( Z ) of CO 2at 1, 10, and 30 bar pressure at tempe...Figure 4.7 Compressibility ( Z ) of air at 1, 10, and 30 bar pressure and temp...Figure 4.8 Compressibility ( Z ) of hydrogen at 1, 10, and 30 bar pressure and...Figure 4.9 Specific heat capacity of pure CO 2at 1 bar.Figure 4.10 Specific heat capacity from the definition in Eq. (4.14) of pure...Figure 4.11 Specific heat capacity of dry air at 1 bar.Figure 4.12 Specific heat capacity of pure hydrogen at 1 bar.Figure 4.13 Comparison of molar-specific heat capacity of air, hydrogen, and...Figure 4.14 Comparison of specific heat capacity ratios ( κ ) of air, hyd...Figure 4.15 Thermal conductivity of selected gases: nitrogen – N 2, oxygen – ...Figure 4.16 Dynamic viscosity of selected gases: nitrogen – N 2, oxygen – O 2,...Figure 4.17 Solubility of CO 2in pure H 2O, given as a mass fraction of CO 2i...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Processes for power generation with coal. The acronyms are explai...Figure 5.2 Example of a steam cycle flow diagram for a coal power plant. A t...Figure 5.3 Coal-fired power plant with main components. The flue gas is reje...Figure 5.4 Key components and setup of a CFBC process with external fluidise...Figure 5.5 Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) – process flow diag.