An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology

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Completely updated in line with the rapid progress made in the field, this new edition of the highly-praised textbook addresses powerful new methods and concepts in biotechnology, such as genome editing, reprogrammed stem cells, and personalized medicine.<br> An introduction to the fundamentals in molecular and cell biology is followed by a description of standard techniques, including purification and analysis of biomolecules, cloning techniques, gene expression systems, genome editing methods, labeling of proteins and in situ-techniques, standard and high resolution microscopy. The third part focuses on key areas in research and application, ranging from functional genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics to drug targeting, recombinant antibodies and systems biology. The final part looks at the biotechnology industry, explaining intellectual property issues, legal frameworks for pharmaceutical products and the interplay between start-up and larger companies. The contents are beautifully illustrated throughout, with hundreds of full color diagrams and photographs.<br> Provides students and professionals in life sciences, pharmacy and biochemistry with everything they need to know about molecular biotechnology.<br>

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Table 6.1 Important groups of protists (model organisms or diseases caused by pathogens).

Major protist clades Characteristics Example
Tetramastigota Secondary loss of mitochondria
Diplomonadida Two separate cell nuclei Giardia
Parabasalia
Trichomonadida Undulating membrane Trichomonas
Euglenozoa Flagellates with or without photosynthesis
Euglenophyta Paramylon as storage polysaccharide Euglena
Kinetoplastida With kinetoplast Trypanosoma(sleeping sickness)
Chromalveolata With chloroplasts from secondary endosymbiosis
Alveolata Alveoli under the cell surface
Dinoflagellata Shell from cellulose plates Pfiesteria
Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) Apical complex for penetration of hosts Plasmodium(malaria), Toxoplasma
Ciliata (ciliates) Cilium for movement and nutrient uptake Paramecium
Stramenopilata or heterokonts With trailing and flimmer flagellum
Oomyceta Hypha; cell walls from cellulose
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) Glassy; walls separated into two Pinnularia
Chrysophyceae (golden algae) Two flagellate cells Dinobryon
Phaeophyceae (brown algae) Brown accessory pigments Laminaria
Metabionta With chloroplasts from primary endosymbiosis
Rhodobionta (red algae) Without flagellate stage; phycoerythrin Porphyra
Chlorobionta (green algae) With chloroplasts (similar to land plants) Chlamydomonas
Charophyceae
→ Land plants
Unikonta
Amoebozoa With sheet‐like form pseudopods Amoeba
Mycetozoa (slime mold) Saprophyte; amoeboid stages form colonies Physarum, Dictyostelium
Opisthokonta Protruding flagellum
Fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes) Cell walls from chitin, saprophytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast)
Amanita phalloides (deadly agaric)
Choanoflagellata With microvilli
→ Metazoa (animals)

The red, brown, and green algae were previously grouped with the plants; due to new molecular systematics, a new order has been proposed.

Important model organisms are given in bold.

Figure 62 Phylogenetic relationships between protists and transition to plants - фото 92

Figure 6.2 Phylogenetic relationships between protists and transition to plants and animals.

Table 6.2 Systematic classification of the land plants.

Subdivision Class
Sporophyte(spore‐bearing plants)
Moss plants Marchantiophyta (Marchantiopsida, liverwort)
Anthocerotophyta (Anthoceratopsida, hornwort)
Bryophyta (Bryopsida, moss)
Lycophytes(club mosses) Lycopodiophyta (Lycopodiopsida, lycopod)
Pteridophyta(Euphyllophytes; fern and other seedless vascular plants) Psilotophyta (Psilotopsida, whisk fern), Sphenophyta (Equisetopsida, horsetail)
Filicophyta (Filicopsida, fern)
Spermatophyta(seed‐bearing plants)
Gymnospermae(naked seed plants) Ginkgophyta (Ginkgopsida, Ginkgo plant)
Cycadophyta (Cycadopsida, palm fern)
Gnetophyta (Gnetopsida, joint‐fir family)
Pinophyta (Pinopsida, conifers)
Angiospermae(flowering plants) Magnoliophyta (Magnoliopsida)
( Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum)

Important model organisms are given in bold.

Figure 63 Phylogeny of land plants Table 63 Systematic classification of - фото 93

Figure 6.3 Phylogeny of land plants.

Table 6.3 Systematic classification of multicellular animals (important phyla).

Category Phylum Characteristics
Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Simple multicellular animals with choanocytes that can take up bacteria by phagocytosis; cells that are mostly totipotent
Radiata Cnidaria (anemones and jelly fish) ( Hydra) Stinging cells (cnidocytes) with nematocysts; developed gastrovascular system (gastric space with mouth, without anus)
Ctenophora (comb jellies) Adhesive cells (colloblasts) to catch prey; eight rows of fused cilia; gastrovascular system
Bilateria
Protostomia
Lophotrochozoa(150 000 species) With lophophore and trochophore larvae
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Dorsoventrally flattened; unsegmented; no coelom
Rotifera (rotifers) Pseudocoele with digestive tract; rotary organ; without circulatory system
Ectoprocta/Bryozoa (moss animals) With coelom; with ciliated tentacles (lophophore) for uptake of nutrients; colonial
Nemertea (ribbon worms) Coelom‐like structure for storing proboscis; closed circulatory system with blood vessels; digestive tract with mouth and anus
Mollusca (mollusks) With small coelom; three body parts: foot, visceral mass, mantle; head often reduced
Annelida (segmented worms) With small coelom and epitheliomuscular tube; segmented body and segment specialization
Ecdysozoa(>1 million species)
Nematoda (roundworms) ( Caenorhabditis elegans) Cylindrical, unsegmented pseudocoelomates; complete digestive tract without circulatory system
Arthropoda With coelom and segmented body, jointed appendages; ectodermal exoskeleton
Chelicerata (Arachnida)
Myriapoda
(millipedes and centipedes)
Hexapoda (insects)
( Drosophila melanogaster)
Crustaceae (crustaceans)
Deuterostomia (60 000 species)
Echinodermata (echinoderm) (starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber) With coelom; larvae with bilateral symmetry; adult animals with radial symmetry; ambulacral system; mesodermal endoskeleton
Hemichordata With coelom and trimeric abdominal cavity; reduced chorda; branchial gut (pharyngeal gill)
Chordata(chordates) With coelom; chorda dorsalis; dorsal tubular nerve cord branchial gut (pharyngeal gill)
Urochordata
(Tunicata, tunicates)
Cephalochordata (Acrania, skull‐less) ( Branchiostoma )
Vertebrata (vertebrates) Neural crest; cephalization; spinal column; closed circulatory system
Agnatha (lamprey)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
( Danio rerio)
Lissamphibia (amphibians) ( Xenopus laevis)
Reptilia (reptiles) (turtle, lizard, crocodile)
Aves (birds) ( Gallus gallus)
Mammalia (mammals) ( Mus musculus, Homo sapiens)

Important model organisms are given in bold.

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