Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture

32 Chapter 3.12Figure 1 General mechanism of residual surface compression increasing the fr...Figure 2 Flame polishing of the rim of stemware in a glass production facili...Figure 3 Contrast between the cracked edge of a 4‐mm thick mechanically scri...Figure 4 Schematic stress profiles of fully thermally strengthened (safety g...Figure 5 Process scheme of the thermal strengthening process (AT = ambient t...Figure 6 Calculated residual surface and central stresses as a function of t...Figure 7 Residual stress profile for a given thickness as a function of cool...Figure 8 A plot of the number of fragments per square centimeter as a functi...Figure 9 Typical “butterfly” fracture pattern (to the left) with the origin ...Figure 10 Schematic ion‐exchange process Figure 11 Principal stress profile for a chemically strengthened aluminosili...

33 Chapter 3.13Figure 1 Bombardment damage in a Norwegian Gneiss by α rays emitted by ...Figure 2 Irradiation defects in silica glass (from [4, 5]). (a) Main intrins...Figure 3 Radiation‐induced mechanisms in silica‐based materials upon exposur...Figure 4 Main intrinsic and extrinsic parameters defining the levels and kin...Figure 5 Compaction of silica glass induced by neutron irradiation [22].Figure 6 Radiation‐induced attenuation in three samples of a fluorophosphate...Figure 7 Effects of the radiation dose and Yb clusters on the 2F 5/2lifetime...

34 Chapter 3.14Figure 1 First‐order transformation of hexagonal ice into the high‐density a...Figure 2 Low‐temperature heat capacity of H 2O phases measured upon heating: ...Figure 3 Heat capacity of confined water measured upon heating after elimina...Figure 4 The two glass transitions of amorphous water in calorimetric measur...Figure 5 Heat capacity around the onset of ice crystallization near 235 K [1...Figure 6 Isothermal volume relaxation over 3 hour durations during the trans...Figure 7 Volume changes as a function of pressure and temperature for the tr...Figure 8 Structural similarities of the low‐ and high‐density amorphous ices...Figure 9 Effect of the compression rate on pressure–density curves for isoth...Figure 10 Enthalpy coefficients of supercooled water below T g. Line 1: relax...Figure 11 Enthalpy coefficients vs. pressure ( P ) and sharp enthalpy coeffici...Figure 12 Enthalpy coefficients ε ls, ε gs, and Δ ε lgof liquid ...Figure 13 Phase diagram of supercooled water and strong liquids under pressu...Figure 14 Diagram P,T of first‐order transitions in supercooled water. T sg : Figure 15 Reduced glass transition temperatures θ gvs. ε gs0(cf. T...

35 Section IVFigure 1 A time immemorial illustration of the slowing‐down effects of visco...

36 Chapter 4.1Figure 1 Flow of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian liquids as characterized by str...Figure 2 Viscosity–temperature range of industrial processes (boxes) and fix...Figure 3 The three viscosity regimes of soda‐lime‐silica melts of similar co...Figure 4 The hard and soft character of a variety of glass‐forming liquids a...Figure 5 Adam–Gibbs (AG) linear representation of the temperature dependence...Figure 6 From strong to fragile liquids: fragility ( m ) and T g/ T ‐scaled repre...Figure 7 From short to long glasses: the poor or good isokomal workability o...Figure 8 Master curve for the Stage II viscosity regime ( T liq> T > T g) in p...Figure 9 The markedly differing effects of additions of Na 2O to SiO 2on the Figure 10 Effects of Na 2O content and induced changes in boron speciation on...Figure 11 Influence of the charge‐to‐distance ratio z / R M–Oon the visc...Figure 12 Influence of the Al/(Na + Al) ratio and associated change in alumi...Figure 13 Strongly depressing effects of water content on the viscosity of h...Figure 14 Increasingly slow viscosity relaxation with decreasing temperature...Figure 15 Dependence of the normalized apparent viscosity η app/ η 0...Figure 16 From brittle fracture to shear thinning: dependence of viscosity o...Figure 17 Contrasting effects of the volume fractions of rigid solid inclusi...

37 Chapter 4.2Figure 1 Contrast between the Arrhenian and non‐Arrhenian regimes of the low...Figure 2 Composition dependence of the ionic conductivity in alkali silicate...Figure 3 Possible ionic transport mechanisms. (a) Formation of an interstiti...Figure 4 Band scheme for amorphous silicon. (a) Origin of valence and conduc...Figure 5 Electronic conductivity of three V 2O 5–TeO 2–Bi 2O 3glasses as a funct...Figure 6 Sketch of electron hopping by a phonon‐assisted tunneling process. ...Figure 7 Electronic delocalization during electron transfer between two vana...

38 Chapter 4.3Figure 1 Contrasts between the effects of size and electrical charge on atom...Figure 2 Na and Si diffusivities in natural silicate melts with different de...Figure 3 Differing effects of network‐former coordination changes on He and ...Figure 4 Influence of the glass matrix on Na diffusivity in various types of...Figure 5 The mixed alkali effect as indicated by the variation of Na and Rb ...Figure 6 Convergence of diffusivities in a rhyolitic melt in the high‐temper...Figure 7 Effects of the glass transition ( T g) on the diffusivities of O and ...Figure 8 Pressure effect on diffusivity in alkali borate glasses (a) and nat...

39 Chapter 4.4Figure 1 Differences in CaO and SiO 2concentration profiles between self‐ (a...Figure 2 Uphill diffusion of CaO in the concentration profiles collected dur...Figure 3 Diffusion profiles of Figure 2 represented in the activity space, n...Figure 4 Diffusion paths viewed in 3‐D around a single melt composition in t...

40 Chapter 4.5Figure 1 Schematic of radiative transfer. Thick black arrows show the entry ...Figure 2 Time–temperature curves and schematic of LFA experiments. Gray curv...Figure 3 Laser‐flash analysis data on D of melts. Compositions in Table 1. S...Figure 4 Comparison of k for type I SiO 2glass (slightly oxygen‐deficient fu...Figure 5 Comparison of k at high temperature from LFA to contact techniques....Figure 6 Temperature dependence of thermal diffusivity and conductivity for ...Figure 7 Thermal diffusivity as a function of temperature for moldavite and ...Figure 8 Thermal conductivity of obsidians with different crystal contents. ...Figure 9 Thermal conductivity of molten slags (calcium aluminum silicates wi...Figure 10 Correlation between thermal diffusivity and melt fragility. Symbol...Figure 11 Dependence of thermal diffusivity of liquids on density at room te...

41 Chapter 4.6Figure 1 Time regions of mean‐squared displacements as derived from MD simul...Figure 2 Self‐part of the van Hove function of Li +ions in lithium metasilic...Figure 3 Intermediate scattering functions of Li +ions for the eight wave nu...Figure 4 Atomic positions visited in a 6‐Å slice of Li 2SiO 3glass during a 2...Figure 5 Absolute values of displacements at 500 K of five arbitrary chosen ...Figure 6 Spread of diffusive motion with increasing temperature in lithium m...Figure 7 Singularity (multifractal) spectrum, f (α) for Li ions obtained from...Figure 8 Mixed alkali effect for alkali diffusion in (Li 1−x,K x) 2SiO 3. ...Figure 9 Mixed alkali effect for alkali diffusion in (Li 1−x,K x) 2SiO 3. ...

42 Section VFigure 1 Thermodynamics occasionally prevailing over kinetics in glassmaking...

43 Chapter 5.1Figure 1 Flow chart for glass chemical analysesFigure 2 Dendrites of a nepheline of composition (Na 0.7K 0.2Ca 0.07Fe 0.05)Al 0....Figure 3 Glass defect: streak in a float glass as seen and analyzed (Table 4...

44 Chapter 5.2Figure 1 Binodal and spinodal in a binary system A–B. (a) Gibbs free energy ...Figure 2 Binary system A–B with end members miscible only in the melt. (a–f)...Figure 3 Transformation of a two‐eutectic system (a) into a peritectic syste...Figure 4 Binary system with complete miscibility in both the solid and molte...Figure 5 From (a) to (d), the transformation of a spindle‐type into a eutect...Figure 6 Effect of the extent of liquid unmixing on the topology of a binary...Figure 7 Eutectic phase diagram of a ternary system A–B–C. (a) Three‐dimensi...Figure 8 Phase diagram of a hypothetical ternary system with congruently and...Figure 9 Phase equilibria in binary silica–metal oxide systems. Data for Li 2Figure 10 Maxima in the critical temperatures of liquid miscibility in metal...Figure 11 Phase diagram of the ternary system Na 2O–CaO–SiO 2[21–24]; numbers...Figure 12 Phase diagram of the ternary system Na 2O–B 2O 3–SiO 2[25]. Melting t...