Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture

19 Chapter 2.9 Figure 1 Contributions of the various structural units of a sodium borosilic... Figure 2 Neutron and X‐ray structural factors (a and b panel, respectively) ... Figure 3 Structural differences between bulk (BW) and surface (SW) water in ... Figure 4 Effective neutron densities of states for a‐SiO 2as obtained from a... Figure 5 (a)–(c): Infrared spectra for amorphous SiO 2as obtained from ab in... Figure 6 Application of ab initio simulations to NMR spectroscopy [29]. (a)

20 Section III Figure 1 The influence of quench rate on the physical properties of a window...

21 Chapter 3.1 Figure 1 Critical cooling rates for glass formation. Reduced glass transitio... Figure 2 Glass formation ranges in aluminosilicate systems (shaded areas).... Figure 3 Determination of the critical cooling rate from a time temperature ... Figure 4 Entropy of the amorphous and crystalline phases of diopside, CaMgSi Figure 5 Comparison between the heat capacities of amorphous o ‐terphenol mea...

22 Chapter 3.2 Figure 1 Entropies of the crystal, liquid, supercooled liquid and glass phas... Figure 2 Heat capacity of PVAc measured across the glass transition range by... Figure 3 Configurational heat capacity of PVAc across the glass transition r... Figure 4 Difference between the configurational enthalpy of PVAc and a zero ... Figure 5 Simulated affinities of o ‐terphenyl in the glass transition range u... Figure 6 Effect of aging on the heat capacities of PVAc recorded upon heatin... Figure 7 Effect of aging on affinities calculated with the lattice‐hole mode...

23 Chapter 3.3 Figure 1 The 2‐D projection of a typical 3‐D trajectory for 100 min for ϕ ... Figure 2 Schematic variation of the volume as the liquid is cooled. The free... Figure 3 Schematic variation of the communal entropy S comm(a) of the equil... Figure 4 Cell representation of a small region of disordered (a) and ordered...Figure 5 Schematic form of communal entropies in for the equilibrium super...

24 Chapter 3.4Figure 1 Vibrational properties of a disordered diatomic linear chain. (a) E...Figure 2 Low‐temperature thermal properties of SiO 2phases. (a) Low‐temperat...Figure 3 Dispersion of longitudinal acoustic phonons in vitreous silica ( v LAFigure 4 Raman spectra of v ‐SiO 2, α ‐quartz, and polycrystalline α ‐...Figure 5 Vibrational spectroscopy of v ‐SiO 2and atomic displacements for the...Figure 6 Vibrational spectroscopy of v ‐B 2O 3and atomic displacements for the...Figure 7 Inverse mean free path l −1( ω , T ) of longitudinal acoust...Figure 8 Vibrational excitations in v ‐SiO 2. (a) Dispersion curve of acoustic...Figure 9 Vibrational excitations in crystalline and amorphous silicon. (a) D...

25 Chapter 3.5Figure 1 Volume variations in the glass transition range: contrast between t...Figure 2 Imposed variation of temperature (upper panel) and associated effec...Figure 3 Effects of structural changes on the volume properties of TiO 2‐bear...Figure 4 Temperature‐dependent nature of the thermal expansion coefficient o...

26 Chapter 3.6Figure 1 Stability of SiO 2forms as indicated by the dashed line where they ...Figure 2 Enthalpies of fusion of Na 2SiO 3and Li 2SiO 3directly measured by dr...Figure 3 Heat capacity and enthalpy above room temperature of the crystal, g...Figure 4 Relationship between the vibrational density of states, g ( ν ), ...Figure 5 Low‐temperature heat capacities of alkali disilicate M 2Si 2O 5glasse...Figure 6 Vibrational entropy of alkali silicate glasses (solid symbols) and ...Figure 7 Vibrational entropy of SiO 2and GeO 2glasses and polymorphs against...Figure 8 Vibrational entropy of crystals (open squares) and glasses (solid c...Figure 9 Influence of the coordination state of aluminum on the partial mola...Figure 10 Calorimetric boson peak of SiO 2glass and polymorphs. Data sources...Figure 11 Calorimetric boson peak of SiO 2(S) and alkali silicate glasses....Figure 12 First peak of the vibrational density of states of alkali silicate...Figure 13 Universal representation of the calorimetric boson peak with the r...Figure 14 The highly contrasting changes in the heat capacities of some sili...Figure 15 Mean heat capacity, C m= ( H T− H 273)/( T − 273), of some aluminosil...Figure 16 Calorimetric determination of the residual and configurational ent...Figure 17 Comparison between residual entropies derived from calorimetric an...Figure 18 Enthalpies of solution of aluminosilicate glasses along binary joi...

27 Chapter 3.7Figure 1 Prestressing/toughening of a glass plate.Figure 2 Imaginary separation of glass into two thermal reservoirs containin...Figure 3 Single exponential exp(− t / τ ) versus stretched exponential exp(...Figure 4 Density measurements of Hara and Suetoshi on soda‐lime‐glass during...Figure 5 Typical DSC of an “optically” (i.e. slowly) cooled BK7 sample. Heat...Figure 6 (a–h) Subsequent adjustment of the TNM(MRS) model parameters τ Figure 7 Comparison of a thermal shrinkage experiment on BK7 (solid line) wi...Figure 8 Maxwell model for viscoelasticity: spring in series with a dashpot ...Figure 9 Voigt model for viscoelasticity: spring in parallel to a dashpot. z Figure 10 Definition of shear angle ε .Figure 11 Typical time‐dependent response of glass to constant shear stress....Figure 12 Burger model.Figure 13 Single exponential function exp(− t / τ ) versus Kohlrausch(–Will...Figure 14 Oscillating shear.Figure 15 Three‐point‐bending.Figure 16 Asymmetric four‐point‐bending.Figure 17 DMA on Borofloat33 in the asymmetric four‐point‐bending mode ( a = ...Figure 18 Deformation under pressure.Figure 19 Series of a Voigt model and a spring.

28 Chapter 3.8Figure 1 Excess enthalpy of a stone wool as given by the difference between ...Figure 2 Determination of the fictive temperature T fof the HQ stone wool wi...Figure 3 Effect of the annealing temperature ( T a) on the enthalpy relaxation...Figure 4 Effect of the annealing time ( t a) on the enthalpy relaxation of sto...Figure 5 Isobaric heat capacity ( C p) as a function of temperature ( T ) showin...Figure 6 Effect of the annealing temperature ( T a) on the Δ C pcurves. (a) HQ ...Figure 7 Effect of the annealing time t aon the Δ C pcurve. (a) HQ CaP 2O 6(fr...Figure 8 Influence of structural disorder on the Z ( ω ) function regarded...Figure 9 Effect of the temperature ( T a) of one‐hour annealing on enthalpy re...Figure 10 Non‐monotonic evolution of the structure factor S ( Q ) of HQ Cu 46Zr 4...

29 Chapter 3.9Figure 1 Schematic relationships between melting curve maxima, liquid–liquid...Figure 2 Schematic depiction of a configurational energy landscape along a o...Figure 3.9.3 Polyamorphism in a‐Si upon compression and decompression. (a) A...Figure 4 Evidence for polyamorphism in Y 2O 3–Al 2O 3glasses. Optical microscop...

30 Chapter 3.10Figure 1 Two schematic representations of pressure‐induced amorphization. (a...Figure 2 Phase diagram of Cu oxides in stable and metastable regions. At amb...Figure 3 Evidence for pressure‐induced amorphization in nanoporous crystalli...Figure 4 Two scenarios for understanding pressure effects within a configura...

31 Chapter 3.11Figure 1 Schematic cross‐sectional diagrams of indentation. (a) Vicker's, in...Figure 2 Stress components acting on a small element of a body.Figure 3 Schematic plot showing the relationship between Poisson's ratio and...Figure 4 Effect of temperature on elastic moduli. (a) Young's and (b) shear ...Figure 5 Contrast between Vicker’s indentations on “normal” and “anomalous” ...Figure 6 The smooth curved surfaces associated with conchoidal fracture and ...Figure 7 Schematic diagram of a through‐edge crack.Figure 8 Example of a Weibull plot, where σ is the measured strength an...Figure 9 Schematic diagram of subcritical crack growth rate versus applied s...Figure 10 Thermally tempered glass. (a) Parabolic thermal tempering stress d...